Buffalo Soldiers African Americans on the Frontier

People of African descent have served in the American military since the Revolutionary War. In the nineteenth century, as the frontier expanded westward, elite unites of black soldiers were sent out to fight on the Plains. They became known as the Buffalo Soldiers, and helped to change the way America and the military looked at race. Did You Know? There is some question about where the term Buffalo soldiers came from; some say it was because of the texture of the black soldiers hair, and others believe it came from the woolly buffalo hide coats they wore in cold weather.In 1866, six all-black regiments were created to help control Native American activity on the Plains, and protect settlers, railroad crews, and wagon trains in the West.Buffalo Soldiers participated in many other military campaigns including the Spanish American War and both World Wars. History and Service During the Civil War, numerous black regiments were created by the Union, including the legendary 54th Massachusetts. Once the war ended in 1865, most of these units disbanded, and their men returned to civilian life. However, the following year, Congress decided to focus on some problems with westward expansion; as the frontier spread further out, there were more and more conflicts with Native Americans on the Plains. It was decided that even though America was no longer at war, military regiments needed to be mustered up and sent out west. Archive Photos / Getty Images Congress passed the Army Reorganization Act in 1866, and with it, created six brand-new all-black regiments, with both infantry and cavalry. They were tasked to protect settlers and wagon trains, as well as stagecoaches and railroad crews. In addition, they were assigned to help control the increasingly volatile conflict between white settlers and the local Native American population. It is estimated that 20% of the cavalry troops that fought in the Indian Wars were African Americans; the all-black regiments fought in at least 175 skirmishes in the two decades following the Civil War. At some point, these troops earned the nickname Buffalo Soldiers, although there is some question about the etymology of the name. One story is that one of the Native tribes—either the Cheyenne or the Apache—coined the phrase because of the texture of the African American soldiers hair, saying that it was similar to the wooly coat of the buffalo. Others say that it was bestowed upon them to mark their fighting ability, in honor of the buffalos fierce bravery. Although originally the term was used to designate these post-Civil War western units, it soon became a catch-all phrase representing all black troops. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images There were two cavalry units, the 9th and 10th, and four infantry regiments that were eventually consolidated into just two, the 24th and 25th. The 9th Cavalry began mustering recruits in August and September 1866, training in New Orleans, and was then sent to Texas to watch over the road from San Antonio to El Paso. Native American tribes in the area were restless and angry about being forcibly sent to reservations, and there had been attacks on settlers and cattle drives. Meanwhile, the 10th Cavalry mustered at Fort Leavenworth, but it took longer to build than the 9th. Historians agree that this is because while the 9th took any man who could ride a horse, the commander of the 10th, Colonel Benjamin Grierson, wanted educated men in his unit. During the summer of 1867, coming right on the heels of a cholera outbreak, the 10th began working to secure the construction of the Pacific Railroad, which was under near-constant attack from the Cheyenne. Both cavalry units were heavily involved with skirmishes against Native Americans. Near the Red River in Texas, the 9th fought against the Comanche, the Cheyenne, the Kiowa, and the Arapahoe before the 10th was finally ordered in from Kansas to help. Buffalo Soldiers soon distinguished themselves for bravery. Troops from the 10th rescued a stranded officer and his scouts who were trapped during a skirmish, and the infantry fought so bravely that they were formally thanked in a field order from General Philip Sheridan. By the 1880s, the Buffalo Soldiers had helped quash much of the Native American resistance, and the 9th was sent to Oklahoma. In an odd reversal, their job there was to keep white settlers from making their homes on Native land. The 10th made their way to Montana, to round up Cree tribes. When the Spanish-American War began in the 1890s, both cavalry units and the two consolidated infantry regiments relocated to Florida. Over the next several decades, Buffalo Soldiers served in conflicts all over the world, although in many cases, they were prohibited from engaging in actual combat, because racial discrimination continued. Still, in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, an estimated 25,000 black men served, making up around 10% of the total army personnel. Prejudice in the Military Up through World War II, racial discrimination was still standard operating procedure in the United States military. Buffalo soldiers stationed in white communities were often met with violence, to which they were forbidden to respond. Often, black soldiers on the frontier encountered white settlers who still carried with them the pro-slavery sentiments of the pre-Civil War South. Because of this, they were often ordered to remain west of the Mississippi. Transcendental Graphics / Getty Images Despite all of this, the men known as the Buffalo Soldiers had a far lower rate of desertion and court-martial than their white contemporaries. A number of Buffalo Soldiers were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in recognition of their bravery in combat. Regiments in the army were still separated by skin color during the early part of the twentieth century, and during World War I, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that black regiments should be excluded from the American Expeditionary Force and placed under French command for the duration of the war. This was the first time in history that any American troops had been placed in the command of a foreign power. It wasnt until 1948 that President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which eliminated racial segregation in the armed forces. The last of the all-black units was disbanded in the 1950s, and when the Korean War began, black and white soldiers served together in integrated units. Today, there are monuments and museums celebrating the legacy of the Buffalo Soldiers throughout the American West. Mark Matthews, the last living buffalo soldier in the United States, died in 2005; he was 111 years old. Sources Bemoses. â€Å"Who Are The Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, buffalosoldiermuseum.com/who-are-the-buffalo-soldiers/.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 7 Dec. 2017, www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/buffalo-soldiers.Hill, Walter. â€Å"The Record - March 1998.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/publications/record/1998/03/buffalo-soldiers.html.Leckie, William H., and Shirley A. Leckie.  Buffalo Soldiers A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.â€Å"The Proud Legacy of the Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  National Museum of African American History and Culture, 8 Feb. 2018, nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/proud-legacy-buffalo-soldiers.

Descriptive Writing - Original Writing - 828 Words

Digging her toes in the warm sand IlSeok soaked in the hues of reds and yellows as the sun sunk into the ocean. A humid breeze ruffed her long dark hair making her feel like she could fly with the birds diving over the water. She was an Island Princess dressed in a silk ball gown complete with elbow length white gloves and a tiara. Holding the light fabric out against the wind aware this was one of their play dresses all grown up. Hell, she had to be dreaming. Smoothing the aqua blue silk reminding IlSeok of a mermaid’s tail. It was the pretties of their play dresses with gloves and shoes . . . wiggling her toes. Where are the shoes? Hiking the silk skirt to her waist starting for the castle set majestically in the distance glowing with†¦show more content†¦What time is it.† Eyes closed, licking her lips sure it was the middle of the night. Groggy with visions of her Prince and what she could only assume Minho as a Knight behind the lids of her eyes. â€Å"Going on nine. Are you still in bed?† â€Å"Yes. Why are you calling me so early?† â€Å"It’s late you’re usually up by seven.† â€Å"Whatever, what do you want?† â€Å"After taking Val home last night I stopped back by, you wanted to talk. I knocked on your balcony door. You must have been asleep already.† â€Å"Mmm . . .migraine. Took pills.† â€Å"Um, you want to talk now?† The events of last night flashed thru her mind, swiping a hand over her butt feeling the prickly hair of the perv blonde boy. â€Å"No.† she croaked. Catching the phone as she sat up raking the thick hair out of her face. â€Å"Busy today . . . have salon appointment then shopping with Mom.† â€Å"Well then will be over later after lunch.† No asking, he assumed it would be okay, â€Å"Don’t know if will be home by then, I’ll text you when were back.† The smell of coffee filtered into her room, the scent alone cleared the cobwebs out of her brain. â€Å"That’s okay, will hang out and swim until you get back. It’s important Soeky.† â€Å"Fine, whatever.† Worried she sat mute as the seconds ticked by should she ask about Val, if she spilled the beans about her and Hyun Joong?† Suni, did Val say anything last night?† â€Å"She mumbled all the way to her house, couldn’t make out what she was saying, why?† â€Å"No reason . . . later.† Hanging up she droppedShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Writing - Original Writing1398 Words   |  6 PagesAt my old house, we had a particularly weird attic. Occasionally, I would straddle up the stairs to the attic and be frightened because of all the creaks and moans in the wooden floor. A menorah and Christmas ornaments are typical things you would find in our attic. Since my mother’s side of the family was Jewish and my father’s side of the family was Christian, these items were normal to see with each other. Most people would not really see a problem with it, and, honestly, neither did I untilRead MoreDescriptive Writing - Original Writing1196 Words   |  5 PagesOne rainy evening Kal was walking home from work when it started to boom thunder and lightning. Frightened he ran to the nearest shelter, a canopy hung over a dumpster. â€Å"Hey, get outta my house!† Yelled a very frightening looking old hobo with an eyepatch covering his entire left eye. â€Å"Sorry sir, I didn’t realize. I wasn’t paying attention. Would you mind if I stayed just until the storm passes?† He asked taken aback by the hobo’s appearance and demeanor. â€Å"Oh, I guess. But as soon as the rain stopsRead MoreDescriptive Writing - Original Writing1535 Words   |  7 Pagesname you find out to be Areum hands you a towel as you walk into your office. You wipe your shoes off and pant legs. You settle yourself in the big space. You layout your phone, notebook, and glasses on the desk. You slip your glasses on and start writing down some important information about the company when you hear a knock on the door. You look up to see Seungcheol standing there. You nod and he enters your office. Seungcheol takes a seat across from you as you continue to write. You heart is beatingRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. 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Credit Management for Conventional and Islamic- myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1. Major challenges that business organisations face in developing a sound credit policy within a competitive business environment. 2.Two ways that technology can be utilize to improve credit management. Answers: 1. Credit policy plays the key role in terms of enabling a business organisation to operate its business proceedings smoothly as well as effectively. Chiefly, policies are to make in order to maintain a systematic procedure that ensures smooth flowing of business activities. Similarly, credit policy is essential for a business organisation in terms of preventing confusions and misconstructions at the same time. However, there are major challenges that organisations often face in developing a sound credit policy within an aggressive competitive market. Balancing with other competitors It is widely tacit fact that different business organisations have different set of credit policies. Moreover, there are possibilities those effective and profitable business organisations might follows a credit policy that is convenient to the buyers and easy for them to make repayment (Abu Hussain and Al-Ajmi 2012). For example, organisations that sells and manufactures electronic appliances has a easy and convenient credit policy as their sales rate flows higher to average around the year. On the other hand, they follows proficient credit management techniques such as use of technology such e-invoice statement and electronic payments. Thus, such electronic appliance-manufacturing firms are confident enough in acquisition of credits from their buyers and they have an effective credit management procedure (Moffett, Stonehill and Eiteman 2017). Consumer risk Consumers has a diverse nature in terms of conduct as well as perception. They are the end users of any product or service that any business organisations particularly offer to them. Concerning to such fact, there are certain consumer who behaves negatively and does not bother about making the re-payment of their dues. This creates a challenging environment for the credit managers while developing a definite credit policy for that matter. Thereby, since the negative behaviors of such consumers augment constant risks of loss, it creates a big challenge for the organisations to draft an effective credit policy. However, on the other hand, organizations cannot be so rigid to every consumer by making assumption of their behavioral prospects, for that aspect, they offer credits to consumers in order to grow business and enhance profit maximization motives (Kruppa et al. 2013). For instance, in banking sector customers often makes negligence to re-pay the loans due in their account. Market conditions Market conditions is another challenge that business organisations come across while developing credit policies. It is of obvious understanding that market conditions fluctuates from time to time. There are possibilities that the sales rate may go higher when the demand of product rises comparatively high (Van Deventer, Imai and Mesler 2013). For example - During summer seasons, the demand of air conditioners rises comparatively high as compared to the rest of the seasons. In order to meet the demand and with a motive to earn profit, companies need to offer credit to satisfy its customers positively, if not done there would massive loss of image as well as decline in firms efficiency level. Considering such fact, identifying the market condition and proceed forward with strategic steps to manage credits would be effective and that would assist in cater positive outcome (Moti et al. 2012). Hence, organisations face challenge to develop an effective credit policy con cerning the market condition that affects the development of credit policy unconstructively. 2. In this modern era where technology plays the crucial role in enhancing life constantly, it has created several aspects easier to deal with. Considering such fact, credit managements efficiency has experienced massive augmentation in terms of catered effectiveness. Big data analytics Credit managers often face challenges in creating a database of creditors as well as following up the debts from suppliers and buyers. On the other hand, it becomes harder to store critical and important information of the debtors. This creates issues in analysing the pending payments from the database that has been stored in big data as well as it helps in scrutinizing the risk assessment process effectively. Yet, with the assistance of big data analytics, credit management gets easier in terms of risk assessment and storing vast amount of critical data (Gandomi and Haider 2015). Moreover, with the latest trends of technology and utilization of this method has enabled several business organisations to operate proficiently with minimization of errors as well as loss. Tailored software It is of clear understanding that every organisation has different sort of business and requires different type of software that the developers customizes them as per the organizational needs. Thereby, designing effective credit management software that would cover every requirement of the organizations proceedings would provide immense assistance to keep a track on the financial events proactively. There are many advantages of using the tailored software or the customer software. It can be easily designed to specifically meet the users needs. it saves the company from the expense of buying another piece of software. Rather this software does everything that the company needs to do in order to manage the credit efficiently. It is also very easy to make changes or any modifications and the process of making these changes is easier in comparison to the other standard software. This software contains only the relevant parts that the users need and there are also no ir relevant parts that might otherwise confuse them. Another important aspect is that the customized software or the tailored software can be used by the companies as per their particular needs. This makes it very which user friendly and helpful. For example, an application developed for JPMorgan Company will be used particularly by that department only. It also increases the safety of the company. It would accurately concerns about the buyers transactional records, amount outstanding, accounts receivables; periodic cash flows and so on (Siddiqi 2012). This method been considered as an effective way to manage credits of a business organisation efficiently and has generated win-win situation in maintaining relationships with clients and ensured smooth cash flows positively. References Abu Hussain, H. and Al-Ajmi, J., 2012. Risk management practices of conventional and Islamic banks in Bahrain.The Journal of Risk Finance,13(3), pp.215-239. Gandomi, A. and Haider, M., 2015. Beyond the hype: Big data concepts, methods, and analytics.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), pp.137-144. He, G., Lu, Y., Mol, A.P. and Beckers, T., 2012. Changes and challenges: China's environmental management in transition.Environmental Development,3, pp.25-38. Kruppa, J., Schwarz, A., Arminger, G. and Ziegler, A., 2013. Consumer credit risk: Individual probability estimates using machine learning.Expert Systems with Applications,40(13), pp.5125-5131. Moffett, M.H., Stonehill, A.I. and Eiteman, D.K., 2017.Fundamentals of multinational finance. Pearson. Moti, H.O., Masinde, J.S., Mugenda, N.G. and Sindani, M.N., 2012. Effectiveness of credit management system on loan performance: Empirical evidence from micro finance sector in Kenya.International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology,2(6), pp.99-108. Siddiqi, N., 2012.Credit risk scorecards: developing and implementing intelligent credit scoring(Vol. 3). John Wiley Sons. Van Deventer, D.R., Imai, K. and Mesler, M., 2013.Advanced financial risk management: tools and techniques for integrated credit risk and interest rate risk management. John Wiley Sons.

The Precepts of Ptah Hotep free essay sample

Even though The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the oldest documents in the world, the precepts are still relevant to social customs today. To be more specific, the 19th precept is one that I agree with and believe is beneficial to everybody. It states: â€Å"Be not of an irritable temper as regards that which happens at your side; grumble not over your own affairs. † I believe this precept is beneficial because it focuses on being positive and not on being negative, and it shows respect to yourself and to others. Precept number 19 tells us not to focus on the things that go wrong with our lives and not to complain. It’s saying to let things go and to not dwell in the past. This precept ties into the whole reason for social codes. Social codes, like The Precept of Ptah Hotep, are meant to be followed; and as Collin said, if for some reason one is broken by a person, that person should be able to fix it, to make up for the wrong they have done by not grumbling about it, but instead working to fix it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Precepts of Ptah Hotep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This precept is very much like the well known saying â€Å"Hakuna matata† used in the popular Disney movie, The Lion King. The saying means no worries and is used in the movie to tell a character not to dwell in the past and be sad about things that he cannot change, but instead to be happy about the present. If you do dwell in the past and grumble about bad things that have happened to you, people will not want to be around you because of your negativity. It is disrespectful to only talk about the bad things that you have experienced when you are around other people. If you can never let things go, you will not be fun to hang out with and will end up alone. I think this precept is very beneficial to everybody because it relates to how you treat others and yourself, which I think is a very important thing to understand how to do respectfully. It is important to me because it is something I believe I can do better at. For example, if I have a soccer game and we lose, I usually try not to dwell on the fact that we lost, although sometimes I can’t help it. There isn’t really any point in getting myself or my team down that we lost because it won’t help anyone do better in the next game. It would be a very disrespectful thing to bring not just myself, but others down into the dumps. The smart thing to do would be to congratulate my team for trying, and to just focus on getting better. I believe that the 19th precept from The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the most important. It not only stresses respect for the individual and the majority, but also on being positive. I think that everybody can improve on letting things go and instead of complaining, trying to improve things. People can benefit by following precept 19 by being more fun to be around and making yourself and others happier.