The Hardships Facing Vietnam War Soldiers in Tim OBrien’s Going after

The Hardships Facing Vietnam War Soldiers in Tim OBriens Going after Cacciato and In the Lake of the Woods The Vietnam War was, mentally and physically, champion of the most brutal the United States has ever participated in. Our soldiers had to undergo daily miseries and sufferings which wore on them in body and mind. Dysentery was a common cause of physical wasting. Other diseases have with the continuous rain and mud caused flesh to rot and made daily life that much more insufferable. Long periods of boredom would be broken by unexpected guerilla attacks or booby traps. The enemy rarely materialized long enough to be actively fought or even identified. Equally uncertain as who they were fighting was the answer to the question of what purpose they were fighting and dying for.All of these hardships the soldiers faced caused an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and constant fear. To counter this sense of despair, the soldiers had umpteen ways of coping with or avoiding the real ity of the war. Tim OBrien, with Going after Cacciato and In the Lake of the Woods, addresses th...

Homicide Trends, Prevention, Intervention in Atlanta Essay -- Social

IntroductionHomicide has been in existence since the beginning of time. People kill each other daily. In the United States, you are ten-times more likely to be murdered on the day youre born than any other time in your sprightliness (CDC, 2002). For that reason, todays research suggest that homicide events should not be considered single incidents but as underlying indicators of changes in social and economic conditions including race, poverty, and social closing off (Parker 2004) and the distribution of handguns (Ludwig & Cook, 2003). Yet, a vast majority of abominable homicides offer very little understandings. In 2010 there was 12,996 homicides in the United States (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). Ninety-three of those homicides occurred in the Atlanta area (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). For that reason, the heightened incidence of criminal and violent behavior in recent years has become a major concern crosswise the Atlanta area. Several things are thought to be factors of homicide. Some factors include race, demographic, poverty, and the social organization of people. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2009), blacks are disproportionately represent as both homicide victims and offenders. In 2010, blacks in Atlanta represented 54% percentage of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) but 86% percent of the homicide victims (Atlanta Police plane section Uniform Crime Report, 2010). Hence, one of the most consistent findings reported in the criminology literature is that African Americans in the United States are involved in criminal homicide both as offenders and victims at a rate that significantly exceeds their numbers in the general population (Bartol & Bartol, 2007). Nevertheless, in many case... ...rected patrols, and the guns for tickets within high abhorrence areas of The City of Atlanta, homicide rates will decreaseSummary This paper has demonstrated how the analysis of homicide patterns in Atlanta could be us e to develop and recommend interventions for communities force by increase homicides. However, the success of any of the recommended interventions depends upon the good relations between the police and citizens of Atlanta. Also, since most homicides are impulsive not forethought, it is unlikely that the strategies impose would moderate the homicide rates. It is possible, although difficult to envision, that all strategies against homicide would alter behavior of offenders and thereby reduce violent situations. Conversely, by reducing the number of persons carrying firearms on the streets of Atlanta homicide will coincide be reduced as well.

Dance Therapy Essay -- History Health Therapy Dancing Essays

leaping Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and natural development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day fretfulness centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research.Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability.OriginsDance therapy began as a profession in the mid-forties with the work of Marian Chace. A modern mover, she began teaching dance after ending her career with the Denishawn Dance Company in 1930. In her classes, she noticed that several(prenominal) of her students were more interested in the emotions they expressed while dancing (loneli ness, shyness, fear, etc.) than the mechanics of the moves. She began encouraging them by emphasizing more freedom of movement rather than technique.In time, doctors in the community started sending her patients. They included antisocial children, people with movement problems, and those with psychiatric illnesses. Eventually, Chace became part of the staff of the Red Cross at St. Elizabeths Hospital. She was the first dance therapist employed in a formal position by the federal government. Chace worked with the emotionally troubled patients at St. Elizabeths and tried to get them to reach issue to others through dance. Some of them were schizophrenics and others were former servicemen suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Success for these patients meant being able to participate with their class in moving to singsong music. This rhythmic action in unison with others results in a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and good fellowship, Chace said once.Chace eventually stu died at the Washington School of abnormal psychology and began making treatment decisions about her patients along with other members of the St. Elizabeths medical team. Her work attracted many followers and the first dance therapy interns began learning and teaching dance therapy at St. Elizabeths in the 1950s.Other dancers also began using dance therapy in the 1940s to help people feel more comfortable with thems... ...d to practice. After two old age they may receive an additional recognition when they become an Academy of Dance Therapist Registered. They can then teach dance therapy and can supervise interns.Dance therapists can also obtain psychological credentials by taking a test and becoming registered by the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. nominate TermsAuthentic movementA type of movement that is influenced heavily by Jungian analysis, and works by analyzing the internal images of the patient. Patients are also urged to dance only when they feel the impuls e to move. Freudian analysisA type of psychological treatment where the therapist seeks to help the patient resolve conflicts and traumas buried in the subconscious. Jungian analysisA method of psychological treatment where the patient strives to understand the internal, often mythic images in his or her thoughts and dreams. PsychotherapyA medical treatment that seeks to resolve psychological traumas and conflicts, often by discussing them and emotionally reliving difficult events in the past. Test anxietyA name for the stress and anxiety that commonly occur in students before they take exams.

Egypt :: essays research papers

EgyptEgypt is a Middle Eastern country laid in the northeast corner of Africa. A small part of Egypt, blazon outed the Sinai Peninsula, is located in Asia. Deserts deny close of Egypt, so it gets little rain, but the longest river in the world, the Nile River, flows through the desert and is key to living for many Egyptians. neighboring all of Egypts population, about 99%, is located near the Nile or along the Suez Canal, another body of water important to Egyptian life, although together they cover only four percent of Egypts total land. The largest city, Cairo, has a population of about 6 million. About 10 million people live in the Cairo metropolitan area. Alexandria, a port city, is the second largest. Egyptian cities are extremely crowded and have inadequate public transportation, causing lots of traffic. They do have crowded streetcars and trains, though.Many Egyptians consider themselves Arabs. The Bedouins, who are nomads, make up a distinct ethnic minority among the A rab population. Most have settled humble on farms, but some tribes still wander. The major non-Arab minority are the Nubians. They originally lived in villages along the Nile in northern Sudan and the very bottom of Egypt, called the Nubian Valley. When the Aswan elevated Dam was constructed in the 1960s, it forced the Nubians to move higher up on the Nile.Arabic is the official language of Egypt. Regional Arabic dialects have their own variations of sounds and words. The most widely used dialect is that of Cairos. The Bedouin dialect is different from the settled residents of the Nile Valley. Some people in desert villages even speak Berber. Many improve Egyptians also speak English or French in addition to Arabic.Egyptian city life is a good deal different than its village life. City residents hoi polloi with normal city problems such as housing shortages and traffic. Most of city residents live in poverty, although others enjoy special conveniences and services. Villagers re gularly live much like their ancestors did hundreds of years ago, getting by growing crops and tending animals.Egyptian cities have a wide range of wealth. Good-looking residential areas exist near widespread slums. Lack of satisfactory housing is a major problem. Many people live together in small apartments. Others build makeshift huts on land that belongs to others, or on roofs of apartments. Some of Cairos poorest citizens take shelter in historic tombs on the outskirts of the city, in a place call the City of the Dead.

Graduation Speech: Our Journey -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Addr

Roughly eighteen years ago, the twelve of us seniors were born in contrary places, under different circumstances and in different families, far from knowing each other and crossing each others paths. Yet, God has already taken each of us under His tender caution to work in us according to His plan. Our journey under the supervision of God has already started back then, each of us at a different starting point. After raising and nurturing each individual in a very personal way, it was in Gods perfect plan for all of us to at long last bring the twelve of us in concert at Johnson Academy and to make it part of our journeys to cross our paths with one another. If it were not for this school, many of us probably would not have known each other. We are living evidences that God has been at work in us all along from the beginning, because just the fact that mass we dont know, know the same God, are living for the same God and love the same God is proof of Gods existence and His univer sal work. We can only gravel and impact so many and when we see that God has reached far beyond what we can reach and has everything under control. We fall on our knees and worship Him, because we know we are so small, worthless and ineffective compared to the mighty work God is doing. The twelve of us were brought together for the purpose of praising God for the work He has make in each of us, for we wouldnt have known, let alone impacted each other, unless God had chosen to work in us and to draw us together in this time of our lives. Every change, every incident and every circumstance regardless of how small they may seem, are Gods conscious provision and will that is actively taking place every day. Nothing is a coincidence, or luck. Throughou... ...rney the twelve of us took together and His plan to lead each of us into different directions, in so far for the same purpose, to manifest His glory. Let me close with some verses from my favorite psalm, number 139. For You forme d my inward parts You covered me in my mothers womb. I will compliment You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made Marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well. My frame was not hidden from You, when I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your book they all were written, the days fashioned for me, when as yet there were none of them. How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God How great is the sum of them If I should count them, they would be more in number than the sand When I awake, I am still with You. Thank you.

Graduation Speech: Our Journey -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Addr

Roughly eighteen years ago, the twelve of us seniors were born in varied places, under different circumstances and in different families, far from knowing individu in ally other and crossing distributively others paths. Yet, God has already taken each of us under His tender c be to work in us according to His plan. Our journey under the supervision of God has already started back then, each of us at a different starting point. After raising and nurturing each individual in a very personal way, it was in Gods undefiled plan for all of us to finally bring the twelve of us together at Johnson Academy and to make it part of our journeys to cross our paths with one a nonher. If it were non for this school, many of us probably would not have known each other. We are living evidences that God has been at work in us all along from the beginning, because just the fact that people we dont know, know the same God, are living for the same God and love the same God is proof of Gods originat ion and His universal work. We can only reach and impact so many and when we see that God has reached far beyond what we can reach and has everything under control. We go under on our knees and worship Him, because we know we are so small, worthless and ineffective compared to the mighty work God is doing. The twelve of us were brought together for the purpose of evaluate God for the work He has done in each of us, for we wouldnt have known, let alone impacted each other, unless God had chosen to work in us and to draw us together in this time of our lives. Every change, every incident and every circumstance regardless of how small they may seem, are Gods conscious provision and will that is actively taking place every day. Nothing is a coincidence, or luck. Throughou... ...rney the twelve of us took together and His plan to ternary each of us into different directions, yet for the same purpose, to manifest His glory. Let me close with some verses from my favorite psalm, number 139. For You formed my inward parts You cover me in my mothers womb. I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made Marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well. My frame was not hidden from You, when I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your apply they all were written, the days fashioned for me, when as yet there were none of them. How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God How great is the sum of them If I should count them, they would be more in number than the sand When I awake, I am still with You. Thank you.

Aig Scandal

pic THE INTERNAL CONTROLS AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES THAT LED TO THE BAILOUT OF OUR NATIONS LARGEST INSURANCE COMPANY By Monte Schwartz PREFACE Anyone who watches TV has most likely seen the the Statesn International separate (hereinafter AIG) commercial with the littler boy who walks into his parents room while they are sleeping. When his mother asks if he had a nightmare, he put forwards no and that hes worried representive his parents pecuniary approaching. After a twenty-second spiel about his worries, the father says, Buddy, were with AIG and he goes, Oh and walks out of the room and (assuming) confirm to his bedroom. 1 AIG, established as a Delaware corporation in 1921 by Maurice Hank Greenburg, is primarily engaged in insurance-related and pecuniary activities in the join States and European countries (over 130 combined total) including but not limited to home insurance, car insurance, life insurance and various investments. ideate that this boys parents dis plough one day with their financial planners that they lost all of their investments and insurances in which they paid dearly.The parents had agreed to make an investment so they and their children could have a secured future protection against correctet risks. Well, it became a reality for many Ameri freighters. This devastating loss left many taxpayers with misappropriated assets along with a burden to pay the musical note for the bailout of AIG. give out I HOUSING MARKET SCANDAL VIOLATIONS IN BUSINESS OPERATIONS To perceive the accounting scandal of AIG, one must first understand its business transactions and operations leading up to the SEC investigations. In 1993, President story Clinton signed into law the OmnibusBudget Reconciliation Act, comm precisely known as the OBRA-93 or the Deficit Reduction Act. Part XIII, is our primary focus, the Revenue Reconciliation Act which allows limitations on executive compensations by limiting the deductible for tax purposes to $1 Million unles s the compensation was earned through performance, bonuses or equity ultimately increasing the average executives paycheck. 2 When an executives paycheck percentage is primarily a bonus, those profits can lead to decisions that are not in the best interest, short-term and long-term, of taxpayers or shareholders.You may think what this Act has to do with AIG, but this act is the very essence of why AIG failed as a business. AIG had paid its top executives a whopping $165 cardinal in bonuses after it had original bailout funds. In early 1995, the Clinton Administration issued current and revised regulations to the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA (in which was created by the Jimmy Carter administration) which de-emphasize a lender to make subjective assessment measures in favor of strictly numerical quotas, or as others may say, racial quotas. 3 In simpler terms, private affirms were compelled to provide loans to low income families and minority neighborhoods as long as the pers on was qualification some sort of income to repay the loan and did not require any initiation of a credit check. In more ship canal than one, this was a Federal scheme that pressured and extorted banks into loaning property to people at high school-risk. The new regulations too instructed lenders to take into account how well they responded to complaints from conferences such as minority Community Activist organizations like ACORN.In December of the same year, Henry Cisneros (herinafter Cisneros), then head of Department of Housing and Urban Development (hereinafter HUD), moved Fanny Mae and Freddie mackintosh towards a requirement that 42% of the mortgages would now serve predominantly minority neighborhoods and low to moderate income families. In 2000, Andrew Cuomo (hereinafter Cuomo), Cisneros successor, established an even more aggressive social-engineering intent by increasing the number of mortgages to 50% by method of dramatically hiking Fanny Maes and Freddie Macs man dates to buy mortgages to under-serve neighborhoods for the very low income. 4 Cuomo likewise encouraged them to strongly enter the sub-prime loan markets, which are credit-default swap markets. And who sold the credit-default swaps? AIG did, because it was an insurance on bonds. Large banks buy bonds and insurance policies so that if a confederacy, say General Electric, should declare bankruptcy, the large bank is out on whatever premium amount it paid and receives money from whoever sold the insurance policy, which in this human face was AIG since AIG was the biggest underwriter of credit-default swaps. 5 Take for instance, as an example, General Electric (GE)6. There are only two (2) reasons as to why a bank would purchase credit-default swaps. either they do not want to provide the full credit amount as it may be a risk or they are feeling to hide something, like a cash transaction. Suppose that Bank A wants to better its business relationship with GE and so GE asks for $70 million on credit. The bank, in return, speaks to their senior credit manager that the maximum they can provide is $50 million, due to risk exposure.However, in order to satisfy the customer, the bank lends the $70 million anyway and writes off the $20 million difference by purchasing a credit-default swap from Bank B. The only problem is, GE believes the entire $70 million came from Bank A. Now, Bank B was AIG Financial Products (hereinafter AIGFP), a division of AIG. Bank A was Bank of America, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, etc. PART II THE ACCOUNTING SCANDAL VIOLATIONS OF INTERNAL CONTROL There are four (4) most common ways of distorting a companys financial condition.They are revenue recognition, cost or expense recognition, accounting for reserves and accounting related to business combinations. 7 AIG distorted their financials via accounting for reserves. What does that mean though? In accounting, companies use reserves to cover future costs such as taxes, possible litigation and pay-off debts or other liabilities. When a company intentionally falsifies culture and misleads auditors of true financial reports, these fake transactions are better known as sham transactions.In 2001, the Securities Exchange Commission (herein after SEC) began investigating and making allegations that AIG was providing investors, shareholders and auditors with false financial statements, showing two sham schemes where the company altered its rest period sheets through bogus transactions in efforts to conceal the companys losings on investments related to the credit default swaps. By September of 2003, the SEC filed a lawsuit against a company known as Brightpoint Inc. (hereinafter Brightpoint), in which is a wholesale distributor of electronics.Their allegations included, but not limited to, improper use of insurance policies in attempting to reduce a loss by 11. 9 Million in efforts to show the public a smaller loss. As a result, Brightpoints Financial Statements overstate d their electronic terminatework income. The SEC found their net income overstated by 61%. 8 It was revealed later in the discovery period that AIG was involved in assisting Brightpoint to spread out their losses over a era period. This technique is known as retroactive insurance which combined two policies into one.The two policies were the retroactive Coverage and a Prospective Coverage. The policy was suppositious to cover the cost of losses over a triplet-year term. The idea was to smooth the financial statement so that the public did not see such an impact of losses by AIG clients. Brightpoint paid a monthly premium for this policy of $15 Million. This tactic, while completely fraudulent, allowed Brightpoint to show an Insurance Receivable of $11. 9 Million. See, SEC v. Brightpoint (2003). Retroactive Coverage is not insurance.It just moved cash from one place to another, which the SEC called a round-trip of cash. Brightpoint deposited monies with AIG and later on, AIG wo uld return the funds yet mark it off in their books as if they made an Insurance Claim Payment. There was no risk being transferred. Once Auditors realized that this policy wasnt quite a an Insurance Policy, Brightpoint began making restatements to their financial statements. It is obvious that there is fraud when the books require numerous restatements. After the SEC had filed their lawsuit, AIG quickly made agreements to settle for $10 Million.This was only a civil penalty. No criminal penalties were administered by the Federal Courts for this Retro-active Policy. This payment of $10 Million resulted in AIGs profit a classic $100,000. See, SEC v. Brightpoint (2003). Brightpoint was not the only company received supporter from AIG around the same time frame. Another company, known as PNC Financial Services Group Inc. (hereinafter PNC), was also involved. In short, PNC was a Pennsylvania bank holding company. AIG helped PNC to move $762 million of assets off of the balance sheets . 9 By now, it seems AIG was a pro at distorting balance sheets. They didnt like low net incomes and they helped others by sharing their tactics of distortion. The SEC calls these PAGIC transactions, since net incomes magically show profit. PNC had transferred their assets to another entity which PNC held major interest. They had created three (3) transactions which were intended to reduce their losses in regards to loans and venture capital investments by transferring, according to the SEC summary findings.PNC had then failed to account for these transfers as an asset or a loan which failed to appear on their balance sheets. This reduced their exposure to troubled loans and volatile assets. (See SEC v. PNC Financial Services, Inc. ) These transactions were obviously structured to benefit PNC and its interested entities by increasing the value of their net income. Recently, as of January 2010, the SEC has also filed a complaint against a company known as Gen Re (General Reinsurance Corporation) which SEC has evidence of involvement in assisting AIG and other Financial Companies in using this sham scheme.The SEC makes allegations that Gen Re knowingly provided substantial assistance to both AIG and Prudential in connection with their own violations of the books and records and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws, Sections 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1932. 10 AIG falsely reported on its financial statements increases to both loss reserves and premiums written via sham reinsurance transactions. Gen Re helped AIGs balance sheet transactions appear as thought AIG had an increase in loss reserves11 by $500 million, which obviously was far from the actuality.The loss reserves should have been $250 million half of the claimed amount according to the SEC findings. There is also another accounting scandal involving AIG and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The individual parties involved Hank Greenberg, the CEO and founder of AIG and Timothy Geithner, then President of the NY Fed. Bank. The party investigating was the House Oversight and Government Reform mission (hereinafter Committee), whose senior chairman is Darrell Issa, also Republican Representative of California.Over twenty-two (22) hearings, discovery proceedings, interrogatories were produced on behalf of the Committee towards Timothy Geithner in why the Federal Reserve ordered AIG to refrain from disclosing in the notes of the financial statements all the facts of the bailout. Geithner, in hearings, attempted to defend the bailout by suggesting that had AIG collapsed, America would face a Great Depression. This answer was something the Committee had heard numerous times before. They demanded a new answer.Even if the case is true, that America would have faced a Great Depression, the Committee smelled a bad scene unfolding, especially since two of Geithners closest advisors, Mark Patterson (chief of staff) and Henry Paulso n Jr. (former ex-chairman of the Federal Reserve), were both ex-employees of Goldman Sachs. In AIGs bailout, Goldman Sachs had received $13 Billion. In defense to the bailout, Timothy Geithners general counsel had claimed that the disclosures were unnecessary since the companys regulatory filings had offered more fine information.In opposition to this statement, Issa released a five-page list of derivative transactions, also known as Schedule A12 which is a comparative list of notional value, total collateral and negative mark to market values, respectively. Notional value is the value of the derivatives underlying assets at spot price (current price). The total collateral posted is the total securities for the guaranteed refund of a loan and the negative mark to market measures the fair market value of accounts, which can change overtime.Between the three comparisons, it is clear that Schedule A shows little reason for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York insisted that informati on should be kept private. PART III THE RESULTS BAILOUT & BONUSES A bailout is the giving of financial assistance (via the Fed, hence taxpayers) to a failing business to save it from collapse. A bailout can be through the use of cash or a loan however it can only happen when a company faces potential bankruptcy.With AIGs housing market scandal and accounting scandal, it faced bankruptcy because it reported an overstatement of net revenue on its annual financial statements leading investors and shareholders to believe the company was a success. AIG initially received $85 Billion from the government as a loan, and then sometime in demo 2009, they received another $88 Billion. Now that we know what financial assistance was received, term $173 Billion, what did AIG do with all the bailout money? Well, now we can look closer at Figure 1-1 in determine where the money has gone. 44 Million went back into the Banks of the United States. AIG paid itself $600 Million. well-disposed Sachs r eceived $13 Billion and Merrill Lynch $7 Billion. The chart also includes bailout money that each of the 50 states received, totaling $12 Billion, even though they were originally supposed to receive $15 Billion. $113 Billion went to guarantees, such as bond guarantees and securities guarantees. If you look closer, you will see that conflicting banks and countries received more bailout money than the United States did. France, Germany and the United Kingdom received the bulk of the funds, a whopping $49 Billion.These countries received, rounded, 80% of the AIG foreign funds. See below figure for details of the funds AIG disbursed to large banks and foreign countries. pic And what about that $165 Million bonus contract AIG had? Senior Judicial Analyst, Judge Andrew Napolitano states that (1) the existence of a contract is the building block to our commercial party and that (2) therefore, the contract to pay top executives a $165 million cannot be broken because the constitution pro hibits the government, federal and state, from interfering with valid contracts and these contracts were valid when they were signed. 13 Much of the argumentation of where all of the taxpayer bailout funds come into scrutiny but that is another issue of AIG. The majority of the housing market and accounting scandals began during the Jimmy Carter administration when he enacted the CRA. Then, in the Bill Clinton administration, while he may have had good faith intentions to help the minority communities, he literally forced banks to handout loans when the applier had a high credit risk.Then, Cuomo increased the percentage of mortgages that were required to serve minorities via credit-default swaps which AIG were the primary underwriters. This factor, along with the sham balance sheet insurance transactions was the reason AIG almost went bankrupt. While the bailout certainly helped AIG in avoiding bankruptcy, thousands of American citizens who file and pay annual income tax returns ( the 50%), lost their investments and insurances to secure their futures all due to tax-schemers and executives who are high on themselves and want a bigger return. PART IV AIGWHAT IT IS NOW Since the discovery of AIGs fraudulent behaviors in business and financial activities in 2001, the company has had to face many lawsuits from investors and shareholders some are still pending. The CEO of AIG, Hank Greenburg as well as a few top executives were forced to resign. Some executives received a two (2) year prison term, which isnt a very long time when considering how much money was misappropriated. Just recently, Oct 2, 2012, the company revealed a new image for their name. They have changed their logo which is the cover image above.They claim the new logo is transparent and simplistic. Does a new logo change the fib of a company though? In a company that had so much potential yet failed to secure the futures of the Americans who they insured, the reputation is irreparably damaged and until it repays the billions of dollars back to the government (or, taxpayers). Until then, AIG is owned by the Federal Government. 1 AIG Commercial 2005 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=9VvGW98D3XA 2 Korzenik, Jeffrey D. Forbes. om The Tax Code Encourages Big Wall Street Bonuses Feb 2009. http//www. forbes. com/2009/02/04/wall-street-bonuses-opinions-contributors_0204_jeffrey_korzenik. html 3 Money Gather Bill Clinton Helped Cause the Housing Crisis September 2008. 4 Morris, Dick. Take Back America. Pg 266, Harper, April 13, 2010. Print. 5 The Big Picture. Credit Default Swaps are Insurance Products. Its Time we Regulated them as Much. March 2012. 6 General Electric was in no way shape or form related to the AIG scandal this is strictly an example. 7 See Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP, 2009 Securities Litigation Study 30 (2009), available at http//10b5. pwc. com/PDF/NY-10-0559%20SEC%20LIT%20STUDY_V7%20PRINT. PDF. 8 Securities Exchange Commission v. Brightpoint Inc. , (2003) htt p//www. sec. gov/litigation/complaints/comp18340. htm 9 Securities and Exchange Commission v. PNC Financial Services Inc. http//www. sec. gov/litigation/admin/33-8112. htm 10 Securities and Exchange Commission v General Re Corporation, 10 CV 458, PACER 11 Loss reserves in the Insurance industry are an estimate of the value of a claim or group of claims not yet paid. 12

Gorilla Tourism in Central Africa Essay

The wassail essay is an investigation of ethical ch tout ensembleenges with take in to gorilla tourism in Central Africa theatrical role. The paper undertakes a thorough research on the concerned issue and explores many a facet of this ara. The purpose of this investigation is to create a better understanding of the issues present in the region so that a practical approach can be adopted to mouth these issues. 2- Gorilla Tourism and Ch bothenges Gorilla tourism is to date becoming a universally accepted activity because of certain positive signs for gorilla conservation, promotion, and future perceptual constancy of the species in Africa.Gorilla tourism is also considered as an effective tool that can be made use of to foster the gorillas of African region. An another(prenominal) of the essence(p) point to note is that, today, gorilla tourism is seen as a successful business for the countries that utilize this tool for the purposes of gorilla conservation. They now receive amp le pile of revenue in connection with gorilla tourism. Some of the countries like Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic (DR) of Congo (ex-Zaire) are menti cardinald especially in this regard because of the revenues that they generate for the endanger gorilla species.However, with all these activities taking place, and more and more people from all parts of the world are moving toward African region for gorilla tourism, some(prenominal)(prenominal) other threats has risen. These range from disease to ethical treatment of the issues. How these challenges count toward gorilla tourism, and how they can be effectively confronted, is, then the substitution issue of todays gorilla tourism in African region. This area is considered vital in conservation efforts of gorillas because of its impact on gorilla tourism (Homsy, 1999).Critics and experts state that in order to take Africa for future gorilla tourism, it is highly imperative to address such challenges as ethical issues onl y this way will it be possible to slew the widening gap between African and western nations as wellhead as, this is the way to promote successful gorilla tourism in Africa, a region tormented by war, internal political instability, and other grave issues. Cross-cultural communication is one solution which is being discussed in this connection through media communications.However, all these areas take ethical consideration as the karyon point of gorilla tourism (Okaka, 2007). 3- The Root Cause Although it has been noted that gorilla tourism is seen as one vital solution to a wide spectrum of riddles present in central Africa that range from gorilla conservation to regional growing, it is important to look at the core issue that is seen as basic to present day ethical challenges to gorilla tourism in central Africa.This takes as back into the past as several decades by which we can see that the region of central Africa is tormented by numerous political and tribal rivalries which gave way to several problems but ethical challenges became all the more raging. This panoramic scene or tribal and political wars and conflicts in the region became all the bloodier in the 1990s. A moment of countries and communities are seen involved in this struggle. The impact of these rivalries fell on gorilla tourism and ethical challenges became a critical area of discussion in this region.Hence, initiatives were taken to address these. However, today, the region is hitherto in a position where still much is needed to be done (International Wildlife, 1999). 4- Challenges Looking specifically at the situation, it is revealed that with the initiatives to increase tourism in central Africa a number of challenges are coming to the forefront. Perhaps, the most critical of the challenges is the pressure being placed on ecological system of the region. This has mainly been caused the recent development of isolated areas for recreational purposes.The problem is so severe that is ri ngs an alarming bell for the concerned authorities. For example, Mgahinga Gorilla content Park presents a bleak situation. Here, gorilla deaths from infections have increased a grand the border as a result of more frequent trekking groups and serviceman contact italic added. Moreover, Rwenzori Mountains gives rise to another mounting problem in the region wasted left behind in the area by nature hikers. This is seen as a serious health problem and a monstrous future challenge in the region regarding gorilla tourism.Ahead, we find other problem associated to the overall count of these issues. For instance, at present increasing amounts of complaints are registered among Ugandans with regard to the trivialization of ethnic rituals for tourism. Hinged on this very problem is the eviction of communities which have been there for centuries. The major purpose of this eviction is none other than the present trend of developing recreational parks and other protected zones for gorilla tour ism. However, this is gaining wider criticism worldwide among critics and opposition among the local peoples. What is more?There is constant speech to the ethnic challenges linked to gender-related inequalities. In particular, the rise in tourist-related prostitution and the transmission of HIV-AIDS italics added. Furthermore, there is another ethical disparity rooted in the region with regard to women-centered labor work. Although women here are basic source of tourism handiwork, there is little that has been done to address their work-related problems. For instance, women who produce handicraft have to travel long distances every day only to get the required materials used in their handcraft products.With all these problems, there is still no certain word or so political stability of the region which is seen a critical challenge for the present as well as for future development of gorilla tourism in Central Africa (Ringer, 2002). 5- Conclusion To address a number of present ethi cal challenges and to fight any future issues in the region, there have been quite a few collaborative efforts that have been initiated in Central African Region for as long as last 15 years. Although major programs are sponsored by single donors, there is one notable exception of Dzanga-Sangha Project.This project involves a number of working organizations such as WWF, GTZ, and Peace Corps and numerous other donors from US and Germany. There is mention that several of the informal initiatives undertaken to address ethical issues and other problems did not meet a successful standard in the region. However, it has been well recognized that transboundary management of ethical issues and natural resources is the key solution to major problems in the region. This has been recognized mainly due to the development of a tri-national park which spreads in Dzanga-Sandha.This has proved to be significant in days of conflict and numerous issues related to conflict situation (Blom and Yamindou, 2001). There are other number steps that are being taken to address challenges to gorilla tourism in the region. For instance, research regarding present issues and challenges is seen as a vital solution to a number of problems in the region (Green Campus, 2007). References Blom, A. , & Yamindou, J. (2001). A brief history of armed conflict and its impact on biodiversity in the Central African Republic. World Wildlife Fund, Inc.Retrieved on jar against 2 2009 from http//www. worldwildlife. org/bsp/publications/africa/141/CAR. pdf Green Campus (2007). The AJ Environmental Education Directory 2007 Green Campus Life and Learning. Alternatives Journal. Volume 33. Issue 5. November-December 2007. Page Number 15+. secure 2007 Alternatives, Inc. Homsy, J. (1999). Ape tourism and human diseases how close should we get? Retrieved on contact 2 2009 from http//www. igcp. org/pdf/homsy_rev. pdf International Wildlife (1999). Soldiers in the Gorilla War. Magazine Title International Wildlif e.Publication Date January 1999. COPYRIGHT 1999 National Wildlife Federation. Okaka, W. (2007). The role of media communications in developing tourism policy and cross-cultural communication for peace, security for sustainable tourism industry in Africa. Retrieved on March 2 2009 from http//www. iipt. org/africa2007/PDFs/Okaka. pdf Ringer, G. (2002). Gorilla tourism Uganda uses tourism to recover from decades of violent conflict. Alternatives Journal. Volume 28. Issue 4. Publication Date Fall 2002. Page Number 17+. COPYRIGHT 2002 Alternatives, Inc.

Leaders Aren’t Born They Are Made Essay

There are many well-educated and motivated people who lack the association of how to lead others. So they dont assume leadership positions, or if they do, they dont do very well in them. They and others too, assume that these individuals nevertheless werent born(p) to be leaders.Thats really a tragedy, because our country and our people guide good leaders. Corporations, associations, and athletic teams all desire good leaders. eve parents must be good leaders or their families can become dysfunctional. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that our very success as a rural area depends upon good leadership.But my research shows conclusively that effectiveness as a leader depends less on some innate trait you are born with, and much more on specific principles that anyone can follow.There have been a numbers of debates concerning the issue of what makes a great leader. This debate is usually summarized into 2 schools of thought. The one school proposes that leaders are a select f ew people who are born with the incomparable set up of skill and have rare leadership abilities. The other school of thought proposes that leaders are do, that is they hornswoggle, grow and develop into great leaders through the books they read, the people they associate with and from their personal experiences.My find on this discussion is that I believe that Leaders are made, and I am not the only one with this belief. leaders are made, not born, and made more by themselves than by any external means. Secondthat no leader sets out to be a leader per se, but rather to chatter himself freely and fully. Warren BennisThe truth is the most people have the potential to become leaders. The real issue is that leadership takes time to develop People need time to figure out what theyre passionate about People need time to understand their personal vision and determination People need time to learn how to express who they People need time to learn how to use their unique strength s and skills People need time to learn how to express their purpose in their own unique way.As the saying goes. the fighter does not win in the ring he is only recognized there You clear leadership is not something youre born with, it cannot be taught, it cannot be copied its learnt Leadership cannot really be taught. It can only be learned. Harold GeneenLeaders learn through life experience, by making room in our lives for lots of trial and error Leaders arent born, they are made. And they are made retributive like anything else, through hard work. And thats the price well have to pay to achieve that goal, or any goal. Vince LombardiLeaders are made when they understanding their purpose, their unique strengths and have a deep passion to make a difference by living out whom they are in the real world. Leadership is an observable, learnable set of practices. Leadership is not something mystical and ethereal that cannot be understood by ordinary people. Given the opportunity for feedback and practice, those with the desire and persistence to lead can easily improve their abilities to do so.

Creative and Innovative Management Essay

Assignment titleUNDERSTANDING THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS The purpose of this assignment is to understand how creative and innovative direction systems are built and run in organizations.ScenarioYou are assigned to a CIO (Chief Innovation Officer) position of a big scale company. You have an experience of 22 months in this company. In this period of time, you built a system to uplift creative and innovation management processes. In the end of your second year, you are supposed to compile a report about your executions as CIO from the date you assigned to this position. In your report include the followingTask-1Evaluate current creative and innovative management processes in your organisation (if not choose a company) by using the Innovation assessment check-list given to you by Tutor. Describe the procedures and make comparisons with other departments/organisations. (A.C. 1-1) relieve how to lead others to positively embrac e innovation and change in your organization. Fill out the Leadership Style Inventory and evaluate your style with pros and cons. (150 words) (A.C. 1-2)Task-2Give detail of your organisations mission and vision statements. Assess the influence of vision and mission on generation of creative and innovative management processes in your organisation. condone your musical themes and compare with benchmark organisations mission and vision statements (A.C. 2-1)Use analytical tools to identify potential creative and innovative management conceits which you or your employees suggested. (A.C. 2-2)Choose an improvement idea of your own tie in with your job and assess its risks/benefits and feasibility using analytical tools. Submityour study in max. 3 pages.(A.C.2-2, A.C.2-3)Use one of the change models to suffer the implementation of creative and innovative management idea of your own. (A.C.2-4)Evaluate the change process you experiences in near past according to the change models you are thought in class.(A.C.2-4)Task-3Choose an improvement idea of your own that is implemented at work in near past and make your evaluations for below questions Who were the stakeholders and how were they affected by this implementation? How did you motivate them to change their way of working with your new idea? How did you produce an appropriate rationale to persuade stakeholders about the benefits of your creative and innovative management idea? (A.C. 3-1) How did you communicate your idea with stakeholders? (A.C. 3-2) What were the key goals and targets of your syllabus, How did you establish your key goals and priorities for implementation? (A.C.3-3)-How did you get feedback from stakeholders? (A.C.3-3)Submit your study in max. 3 pages.Task-4Choose one your experiences related with change in which you took part directly or leaded. Assess the barriers to the implementation of a creative and innovative management idea in your organisation (A.C.4-1) How did you throw you r strategy to overcome identified barriers to the implementation of a creative and innovative management idea in your organisation? (A.C.4-2) Explain how a strategic plan for overcoming barriers will ensure innovative change to relevant stakeholders in an organisation. (A.C.4-3)Guidelines for the AssignmentUse standard Arial font size 11.Use 1.5 line spacing.Have a 2.5 centimetre margin on the left hand side of the page and a 2 centimetre margin on the right hand side. entangle page numbers.Headings use 16 point Arial Bold for showtime take headings, and 14 pointArial Bold for second level headings. If a third level heading is required, use 12 point Arial Bold. Attach a completed Statement and Confirmation of Own Work to the front of the paper facsimile of your assignment. The first page of your assignment should be a title page, which should also state your name, Edexcel BTEC ID number and the name of the Centre where you are studying. Include a table of contents. come forth e ach task on a new page and include the question at the top of the page. Ensure any diagrams, screen shots, PowerPoint slides, etc fit the right way on the page and are referenced, for example, Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc. Check spelling, grammar and punctuation.You should also ensure that you proof read your document, because the above checks do not always pick up every mistake. Use accurate Harvard referencing and include a bibliography. Ensure you are aware of the word limit for the assignment (3000-3500 word limit) and any regulations that apply if you scale the word limit. Include the total word count at the end of the assignment.NoteAll work must be delivered in hard copy and soft copy all assignments should be properly referenced.TextbooksAshkenas R, Ulrich D, Jick T and Kerr S The Boundaryless Organization (Jossey-Bass, 2002) ISBN 078795943X Birkinshaw J and Hagstrm P The Flexible Firm (Oxford University Press, 2001) ISBN 0199248559 Cairncross F The decease of Distance (Harvard moving in School Press, 2001) ISBN 157851438X Christensen C Innovation and the General Manager (McGraw-Hill, 2002) ISBN 0071183809 Christiansen J A Competitive Innovation Management Techniques to Improve Innovation mathematical process (Palgrave USA, 2003) ISBN 0312230257 Clegg B Creativity and Innovation for Managers (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999) ISBN 0750642556 Drucker P F Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007) ISBN 0750685085 Financial Times MasteringGlobal Business (Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 1998) ISBN 0273637061 David get over D, Gadde L E, Hkansson H and Snehota I Managing Business Relationships (John Wiley and Sons, 2003) ISBN 0470851252 Galbraith J R Designing the Global Corporation (Jossey-Bass, 2000) ISBN 0787952753 Gupta A K and Westney E Smart globalization Designing Global Strategies, Creating Global Networks (Jossey-Bass, 2003) ISBN 0787965324 Hammer M and Champy J Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution (Harper, 2004) ISBN 0060559535 Hofstede G and Hofstede G J Cultures and Organizations packet for the Mind (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004) ISBN 0071439595Jones T Innovating at the Edge (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002) ISBN 0750655194 Konopaske R and Ivancevich J M Global Management and Organizational Behavior (McGraw-Hill Education, 2003) ISBN 0071232516Mead R and Andrews T G transnational Management Culture and Beyond, 4th Edition (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) ISBN 1405173998 Mercado S, Welford R and Prescott K European Business, 4th Edition (Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2000) ISBN 0273646001 Mole J Mind Your Manners, tertiary Edition (Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2003) ISBN 1857883144 Neuhauser P, Bender R and Stromberg K Culture.Com Building Corporate Culture in the Connected Workplace (John Wiley and Sons, 2000) ISBN 0471645397 Schneider S C and Barsoux J L Managing across Cultures (Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2002) ISBN 027364663X Thussu D K International Communicatio n Continuity and Change, 2nd Edition (Hodder Education, 2006) ISBN 034088892XTidd J and Bessant J Managing Innovation (John Wiley and Sons, 2009) ISBN 0470998105 diarysAcademy of Management Journal (Academy of Management) British Journal of Management (John Wiley and Sons) California Management Review (University of California, Berkeley) EuroMedia (Advanced Television Ltd) European Management Journal (Elsevier)Global Trade Review (Exporta Publishing and Events) Harvard Business Review (Harvard Business Publishing) Journal of Management Studies (John Wiley and Sons)Management Today (Haymarket Business Media)MIT Sloan Management Review (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Websiteswww.asa.org.ukAdvertising Standards Authoritywww.bbc.co.ukBritish Broadcasting Corporationwww.benchmarkingnetwork.comThe Benchmarking Network Incwww.bized.co.ukLearning materials and cuticle studieswww.britishcouncil.org.ukBritish Councilwww.business.comBusiness search engine on business background www.ci pd.co.ukChartered Institute of Personnel and Development www.direct.gov.ukPublic service informationwww.findarticles.comBNET for articles in more than 500 publications www.ft.comFinancial Times memorandumwww.i-l-m.comInstitute of Leadership and Managementwww.ico.gov.ukInformation Commissioners Office data protection and freedom of information advice www.iso9000.orgInternational Quality Systems Directorywww.managers.org.ukChartered Management Institutewww.mintel.co.ukMintel International on consumer marketswww.newsint-archive.co.ukThe Times and sunlight Times archive www.ons.gov.ukOffice for National Statistics

Bible and Biblical/Christian Worldview

A worldview is how an individual looks at the world and how it works. It is how an individual views and interprets the world they wear in. It is an individuals attitude and ideas about(predicate) the world that they brave in. The scriptural/Christian worldview The biblical/Christian worldview of Origin is basically that everything originated from and by divinity fudge. Everything that exist is because of deity and it is God that created everyone and everything. In the beginning was God, therefore he is the ultimate originator.Genesis 11, and Colossians 116-17. The biblical/Christian worldview of Identity is that men and women were created in the see of God. Our identity is based off Gods creation of us. We are Gods unique creation including all of the animals on earth. The biblical/Christian worldview of meaning/purpose is that our purpose is to get to know God, and have a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. The biblical/Christian worldview of worship is throug h revelation from God and by reading the bible.Through morality we follow Gods standard as how to live and behave as Gods children. The biblical/Christian worldview of destiny is that, we as Christians believing in heaven and hell. When we leave our bodies our soul will carry on to live with God in heaven or with Satan in hell. Those who have not accepted Christ as their personal savior and lived their lives as how we should in the body of Christ will not be welcomed into heaven. How you lived your life on earth will determine your destiny.A Biblical Worldview Influence. A biblical worldview should modulate the way I think about, treat and speak to others on a daily basis in that God is love. The way I think about others should be the way Christ thinks of us. The way I treat others should be the same way in which I would want to be treated. The way in which I speak to others should also be in how I would want others to speak to me, with kindness, love and understanding. Referring t o the biblical worldview, as Christians, we should treat, speak and think about others as Christ would to us.We were all created in Gods image, therefore we are to try our best to be like him, in our speaking, hearing, reasoning, loving and caring, just as Weider and Gutierrez stated in the reading. Following the Bible as our instruction and the example of Christ, our daily walk with others should be based on love and the teachings of Christ. A biblical worldview should influence the way I treat/interact with the environment and non-human creation in a way that I should treat the environment as God would.God created the environment for us so we should appreciate and value it. Genesis 215 states, The Lord God took the man and put him in the tend of Eden to work it and take care of it, just as Weider and Gutierrez pointed out in the reading. We should treat non-human creation with care and love. God has given us the part of taking care of non-human creation and we should do exactly as God would do. We are to care for, love and supply for non-human creation, just as we would human creation.

Privacy on Social Networks

Network Sites (SNS) are websites that allow users to upload data to a public profile, create a list of online friends, and browse the profiles of other users of the SNS. The websites have tender status rules and community standards. Users disclose identity-relevant info via their profile to others. This information is referential, directly referring to a person, or attributive, describing attributes to the data subject. Although most laws and regulations restrict the access to referential information, attributive information is non protected as such.However, the aggregation of large amounts of attributive information on SNS profiles poses new privacy risks, disclose identity-relevant information via their profile to others. Also, the privacy options in social net incomeing sites do not work come on in the way they are supposed to do. Keep your private life private What does social net do? In real life, you have a circle of your friends. But what about their friends? And the f riends of the friends of your friends? You can get to acknowledge people from literally any constituent of the world.That means you are sharing information with them. And that as well means you are sharing a lot of information that you dont want to share Information spreads straightaway through a Social Network Site than through a real? life network. Information might be disclosed to a radical of people unexpectedly, because the digital information is easily copied, can be stored indefinitely and is searchable. It especially harms users when information travels through different social spheres, and ends up with people whom it was not intended for.People have been fired, missed out on job interviews and academic opportunities, and been suspended from school for instant messages, wall posts and other messages they mistakenly view were like private real world conversations with friends. Do not post any social occasion in social networks that you wont want to shout out in public. Yo u can distribute private emails for that, but NEVER social networks. Social network is a place where you never know whom you are sharing private information with unless you yourself created the network So be careful, stay safe Applications and external links on social networking sitesHave you ever used the applications of facebook, myspace or any other social networking sites? Did you read the policies of that site about those applications? In most cases, the games or applications owners have access to almost all of your information that you provided in your social networking account. moreover, they may also use them for commercial purposes. Some of these applications may offer you to participate in a survey to earn credits or virtual money. You might, for example, earn some wide awake Farmville cash by answering a brief survey. Sounds a lot better than using your credit card, right?But youre probably safer breaking out your wallet. TechCruch cites one instance in which players c ould win currency if they filled out such a survey. At the end of the survey, they would be asked to provide their phone summate so that they can receive a PIN via text to get the results. Once theyve entered that PIN into the site, theyre subscribed to a horoscope service for $9. 99 per monthsomething they wont know unless they diligently read all the fine print. Ouch. The victims could immediately try to cancel the subscription, of course, but they could still end up being charged.Unwanted charges arent the only thing players are susceptible to Social networking games make you a target for viruses and hackers as well. You will find a couple of threads in Zyngas community forums in which moderators warn users against accepting any gifts or invitations within a sealed game on Facebook. (They didnt specify exactly what would happen if users accepted these buggy gifts or requests ) Sometimes users also claim that a bug in the game wiped out all of their game progress. That can be pr etty devastating for somebody who has dedicated lots of time and money to it.Laws to minimize privacy threats Not all threats for privacy in Social Network Sites materialize and damage users in the same way. A risk analysis approach is needed to incorporate these insecurities into the analysis. The experts identified multiple threats for users of Social Network Sites. When these threats materialize, they become incidents that affect a certain amount of people. However, not all of these incidents damage users in the same way. The damage incurred depends on the type of threat and the perception of the user.Laws are directed at preventing the threats from materializing. More specifically, American civil wrong laws create means for people to find compensations against the damages they incurred. Experts rate to what extent the tort laws come up to the threats for privacy and resulting damages they identified. The ratings of the various tort laws are depicted in illustration below. In 1 986, Congress passed the Stored Communications Act as part of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act to address privacy issues attendant to the advent of the meshwork.Through the SCA, Congress intended to restrict disclosure of private communications by providers of electronic communications services. However, when Congress passed the SCA, the internet was in its infancy. The few networks available to consumers, such as Prodigy and America Online, were self-contained, and most people had never heard of the term e-mail, let alone utilise the limited form of electronic messaging that existed at the time. The World Wide Web did not yet exist, and it would be nearly a decade forwards the introduction of the web browser in the mid-1990s.Do you think the social networking sites abide by laws? Just because they are popular and big-game websites, doesnt mean their policies are eternally convenient for you. The Privacy Policies of popular social networking sites were found contradicto ry to the Canadian privacy law. In July 2009, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada issued a report on an in-depth investigation triggered by a complaint from the Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic.Third-party application developers Deactivation of accounts Personal information of non-users Accounts of deceased users Uses of user information Facebook did adjudge to change their privacy policies to avoid being banned or may be sued by Canadian government. But did that really make any deviation? The Privacy Commissioner herself expressed dissatisfaction with the result. While Facebook took some steps to resolve privacy concerns, the Commissioner remained dissatisfied by Facebooks response at the end of the investigation.She was particularly touch about the risks posed by the over-sharing of personal information with third-party developers of Facebook applications such as games and quizzes. Source News release from Privacy Commission of Canada Ottawa, August 27, 2009 Facebook agrees to address Privacy Commissioners concerns As having access to other peoples private information is getting easier, laws can do a very little to protect us. We, ourselves have to be aware of where our information is going and who can have access to it.

Capstone Project

schizophrenic psychosis and Physical Activity Grand C whatsoeveron University MRS.-441 V-230 Professional coping st unity Project January 9, 2014 Research shows that implementing somatogenetic natural movement into a lifestyle is a vital position of being wellnessy and encouraged for the superior general macrocosm. The importance of forcible drill is a knowledge deficit for the person living with dementia praecox as the fosterage and maintain needed from the treating psychiatrist and nurse is not consistently provided. An dialect is placed on medication adherence, treatment compliance and reduction in hospital admissions.Research alike shows that a person living with schizophrenia has a higher(prenominal) deathrate and morbidity rate. This population often has chronic disorderes such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease which often is the cause for premature death. whence prescriptive physiological bodily process prescribed by the psychiatrist with n utriment from the assigned nurse to provide a great deal needed learningal exercise and computer chopineme unified to support this change in lifestyle is a much needed service provided in the current psychiatrical bulge unhurried clinic setting.Physical natural process for unhurrieds should be seen as combinative business organisation and art of the common practice for mental wellness nursing. (Happens, contrivetain-Phone, and Scott 2011). Keywords schizophrenia, forcible occupation, ripe mental illness Capstone Project A hassle frequently effectuate in the outpatient mental health clinic, inpatient facilities and within the community is the lack of importance placed on physical exercise being wear of the schizophrenic patients life.There needs to be a shift to encourage the mental health nurse, the treating psychiatrist and the clinical team to take the time to educate the patients diagnosed with schizophrenia on the importance of incorporating physical activ ity into their daily routines. The benefits of becoming physically active should be described in detail to the patient as an motion to show them how this would improve their quality of life.For m all bewildering from schizophrenia it may be difficult for many reasons not to be physically active only when for others it is the simple lack of understanding of how being active can impact their lives in a positive way as well as having support within the clinical team. Much education of the schizophrenic patient lies with the busy mental health nurse who fete fails to realize that this type of education is beneficial as important as the education given to the patient on medication compliance for perplexity of their symptoms and treatment adherence for retentive term stability.There is a need for greater access to physical activity information, opportunities, and professional standards for staff in mental health cathexis (Wand & Murray 2008). The domain wellness Organization (WHO) finds that physical activity, ranging from daily cracking to organized exercise regimens, is internationally recognized as a key pr planetion and health management strategy (2007). If physical activity is a health priority for the general population why should it not be Just as important for the schizophrenic patient?Physical health in this group is often poor and individuals tend to die early with life expectancy reduced by up to ten forms compared to the general population (Philae 2001). It is common knowledge to the nurse and psychiatrist that regular physical activity can improve several(prenominal) common physical ailments such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperventilations as well as reduce the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. In adult schizophrenic patients does implementing physical activity versus not implementing physical activity improve overall health in 1 year?There are many factors that should be communicate in order to solve this problem. The education of the mental health nurse, treating psychiatrist and clinical team on the importance of taking the time to educate these patients with this information is a very important go against of providing care. The identification of the barriers for which patients who sop up this education and do not implement physical activity to their current lifestyles is also important. There is also a need for franchise based physical activities or places where a patient with schizophrenia will feel welcomed and supported.The likelihood and reality of these patients to be accepted in general population venues for physical activities is often depression due to the stigma and lack of education within society of the mentally ill. Review of Literature Education and Barriers In reviewing the articles similarities were make in a few of the articles. The importance of physical activity within all the articles was identify for the Schizophrenia patient. Each article stressed th e fact that this patient population has high morbidity and mortality rate.One that with incorporating physical activity can reduce risk factors that contri unlesse to premature death. Physical activity is determined to be an important factor in up(p) the quality of life as well as quantity of life for these patients. The main point in my look for was to show how the mental health nurse can influence the patients perspective of physical health as well as support it by promoting the physical activity and assisting the patient in identifying ways to incorporate physical health in their daily routines.In the first article the argument is made on how the mental health nurse should provide leadership in promoting physical activity even if the mental health nurse is not educationally prepared to complete this role. It also concluded that mental health nurses can provide directions in understanding physical activity for their patients by using evidence-based research and mainstream physi cal activity in the mental health clinic. Physical activity for patients should be seen as integrative care and part of the common practice for mental health nursing. Happens, Plantain-Phone, and Scott 2011). deuce of the articles were studies that identified barriers for why patients with schizophrenia do not engage in physical activity. It is has been open that these patients self-report up to a 47% that they are sedentary but without any physical limitations. The first watch included 27 patients from four community clinics that were interviewed individually using a structured questionnaire. This piece of work used the recommended American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for weekly activity levels.The data showed that two-thirds of the participants were inactive and almost a third of the participants minimally active. Only two participants met the criteria of active which is described as having abate intensity activity or walking for at least 30 minutes for 5 days per week. The study identified four barriers limited cognise of physical activity, impact of illness and the medication, effects of anxiety and the influence of support networks. It concluded that physical activity may need to be more differentiate with case management approaches by health care providers.The festering of physical activity programs should include professional and peer support which would facilitate physical activity and program adherence. Moonstone, Nicola, Donated, and Laurie, 2009). The second study explored the perceived barriers and benefits to physical activity in people with serious mental illness. A total of four focus groups were held with a total of 34 patients from two program sites which included 16 men and 18 women. The data showed that barriers to physical activity were identified as mental illness symptoms, medications, and weight gain from medications, fear of discrimination and safety concerns.The benefits were identified as the program offered a feeli ng of belonging, program offered comfort and support, physical activity was viewed equalively, they were fitting to link being active to improved health. The conclusion of this study was that these patients did value physical activity and were aware of its health benefits. The report of fear of discrimination and relying on the staff to plan and initiate physical activities also contributed to their inactivity.The recommendation is that any program implemented should include independent initiation of activity as a method of improving ones health as this would assist the serious mentally ill patients in becoming more active and increase program compliance. McDermott, Snyder, milling machine and Wilbur 2006). Lifestyle Factors and Activity Five articles, two of which were randomized studies that emphasized the importance of physical activity in relation to mortality rate, quality of life and identified activity interventions for the Schizophrenia patient. They also identified the im portance of lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol consumption and smoking.All of the studies in this section supported the fact that a poor diet can be identified in this population and should be cor tie in with chronic illnesses such as Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease. The first study identified a lack of physical activity participation and impaired functional exercise capacity compared to healthy controls contributed to health related quality of life. Patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia (n=60) and health controls (n=40) completed the SF-36 Bake Physical Activity Questionnaire and performed a 6 minute walk test.The results were significantly lower in patients with Schizophrenia compared to those of matched healthy controls. The activity scores indicated that patients with schizophrenia were significantly less active during their leisure time and less involved in sports activities. The participants walked a shorter distance on the 6 minute walk test (19. 3%) and reported mor e symptoms of despise after the 6 minute walk test (28. 3%). This data suggests that patients with higher IBM might also be limited in completing daily life activities such as walking as a sedentary lifestyle correlates with a higher IBM.This study recommends that patients should be made aware that increased body weight and physical inactivity are modifiable risk factors. Educational programs should focus on these risk factors as they are key for both treatment and prevention of disease. Bancroft, Probes, Eschews, Marriages, Sewers, Knap, and De Here, 2011). The second study evaluated evidence of physical activity with or without having diet counselor on creditability parameters in people with schizophrenia.It is well documented that people with schizophrenia become a reduced life expectancy of 20-25 years in analogy to the general population related to premature cardiovascular disease. They also give up twice the normal risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. This study revi ewed 13 articles that addressed physical activity with or without diet counseling. The conclusion was that physical activity with or without diet counseling is effective in reducing weight and improving creditability risk factors in people with Schizophrenia.It is recommended that clinicians assess and monitor cardiovascular risk factors as well as refer patients to a physical health programs. It was noteworthy in the study that without the support of clinicians, people with schizophrenia exercised sporadically and dropout rates were at 90% after 6 months. (Bancroft, Knap, De Cert., Van Winkle, Deck, Marriages, Puddles, Simons and Probes 2009). The third article center on the impact of poor hysterical health in relation to the mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia.This study summarized lifestyle factors such as poor diet, low rates of physical activity, increased weight, smoking, lack of dental care, social isolation, limited to no family involvement and unemployment which can all be considered underlying causes of increased mortality in this population. This article found patients with schizophrenia tolerate the inability to provide self-care which also places this population at greater risk for premature death. This article emphasis the need for health education that retrofires physical health as an effort to improve mortality and morbidity of people with serious mental illness.These health education strategies would include education of lifestyle factors to intervene before a serious health problem is established. As well as secondary interventions which include health screenings to aid in the early detection and management of high risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (Pack 2009). The fourth article was also study that was based on judicial decision of the metabolic profile for individuals with schizophrenia in relation to dietary and physical activity habits.This study interviewed 130 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from the outpatient clinic. The data from these 130 patients and another 250 participants of the 2005-2008 ENHANCES were study by using SPAS version 17. 0 for Windows. The data showed that less than half of the sample reported moderate physical activity and few individuals reported any vigorous physical activity. The controlled group showed a higher frequency of moderate physical activity but no difference in vigorous activity.Previous studies have found that 40% of patients with Schizophrenia report no moderate physical activity and 75% port no vigorous physical activity. This study found that household income did correlate with moderate activity and did impair participation in physical activity for those patients who had a lower income. The conclusion of this study is that interventions should combine education and physical activity as a form of outreach that would be more appropriate for the serious mentally ill patient who has limited knowledge of the benefits of exercise.wellness c are providers should offer increased opportunities for physical activity for patients with Schizophrenia as this may improve treatment outcomes and ease the burden of disease. Rattail, Palmers, Returnee, Lisbon, Grill, Take 2012). The objective of the fifth and last-place study was to evaluate the association between a sedentary lifestyle and psychiatric symptoms in obese and overweight adults with schizophrenia or specification disorders. This was a randomized study which included weight assessment and intervention in schizophrenia treatment.The data was collected during 2005-2008 in an outpatient setting and included 55 patients. inactive behavior has been shown to be an independent risk factor for mortality in the general population and may be a factor hat is increase the risk of common co-morbiditys in adults with schizophrenia or specification disorder. This study found in regards to physical activity that patients who were monitored spent 13 hours per day practicing sedentar y behaviors and that physical activity was very limited.Physical activity was primarily light physical activities 17% of the observe time and moderate to vigorous activity was 2% of the monitoring time. Self-reported sedentary behavior was found to be associated with psychiatric symptoms such as negative symptoms, depression, cognitive symptoms ND pointlessmarital side effects to psychotropic medications. This study suggests that public health campaigns and mental health providers should focus on decreasing sedentary behaviors as an effort to reduce the risk of co-morbiditys which are often see by adults with schizophrenia or specification disorder. Ann., Gauguin, Richardson, Hellman, Tang, Caules, and Karakas 2013). There is much evidence to support the fact that the mental health nurse should spend time educating, promoting and possibly even facilitating the programs within the clinic that support the schizophrenia patient with the lifestyle change to incorporate physical acti vity into their lives to increase their quality and quantity of life. It would be existent to set a goal for the patient to be able to incorporate 30 minutes of physical activity into their routines at least third propagation per week.Physical activity principle and support should include topics that deal with barriers to physical activity, poor diet and their influence as factors that contribute to the development of Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease. Implementation Plan In the current outpatient clinic setting such as Partners In Recovery decisions about NY change that will affect the patients care are made not only at the administrative level but the patient level as well. There is an identified Advisory Council which is made up of volunteers which consists of patients, clergy and community members.Prior to any proposal for change or new program within the clinic to be brought before administration the information must be presented to the Advisory Council at one of their mo nthly meetings. Once approval is obtained from the council then the information would be presented to the patients for their input and approval. Moving onto administration will be the tough part. The monstrance will have to include physician approval, URN endorsement and automaticness to adapt teaching to their current practice, patient testimony on the importance of having physical activity ordered by the physician as part of their treatment plan.As well as the patients currently participating in a walking program for 30 minute intervals two to three times per week. This presentation would be given by the URN with self-identified patients who would help facilitate and share their personal experiences. In order for administration to be on mesa with a change the buy in would have to be monstrance at the patient level with a few patients willing to go the extra mile and advocate for this change to happen. A presentation for the patients would be developed and presented to the pati ents in the current onsite classes.This presentation would highlight the high risk behaviors that can be modified to avoid the development of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. It would also include the high morbidity and mortality rates found within this population which is also attributed to schizophrenia and the lack of physical activity. A healthy snack would be served to them during the presentation. Patients that were self-identified as wanting to participate in this process would be called to supererogatory Once the patients were on board and actively walking we would move meeting. Onto the physicians and nurses. This presentation would have the same information and would be presented to them during one of the monthly clinical staff meetings with arrangements made for lunch to be served since it is normally held during their lunch hour. This presentation would focus on the importance of physical activity being prescriptive by the physician . Reinforced, supported and taught by the URN who is assigned to that patient for continuity and adherence.It is recognized among the medical staff that serious mentally ill patients across the spectrum of diagnosis suffer from a sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity may need to be more individualized with case management approaches by health care providers. The development of physical activity programs should include professional and peer support which would facilitate physical activity and program adherence Moonstone, Nicola, Donated, Laurie 2009). This presentation would be adaptable to the earshot for future reservations.For the physicians and nurses it would have statistical data to support the change and show the positive outcome for reinforcing a lifestyle change for many of their patients. For administration it would have data to support that the quality of life would be greater and the quantity of years of life extended with the patient who is being supported to be physic ally active. The cost may be increased for the mental health system as the SIMI patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia will live a longer life related to implementing this change.This small change may motivate the patient to incorporate more healthy behaviors such as quitting smoking, eating healthy and seeing their primary care physician regularly to manage their chronic illness such as diabetes and hypertension which will in turn lead to healthier more successful lives. For some, patients possibly even the opportunity to reach luxuriant recovery in which they would no longer need to be part of the mental health system. The problem at hand is that physical health in this group is often poor and individuals tend to die early with life expectancy reduced by up to ten years compared to the general population Philae et al. 001). It is common knowledge to the nurse and psychiatrist that regular physical activity can improve several common physical ailments such as hypertension, hypergl ycemia, and hyperventilations as well as reduce the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. At the outpatient clinic level much of the patient education is provided by the busy Mental Health Nurse. Time constraints, patients in crisis needed to be triages or hospital discharges often take precedence to teaching or reinforcement of physical activity.There is a need for rater access to physical activity information, opportunities, and professional standards for staff in mental health care (Wand & Murray 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO) finds that physical activity, ranging from daily walking to structured exercise regimens, is internationally recognized as a key prevention and health management strategy (2007). In the additional meeting these patients would be given more specifics about what their participation will mean to move this change forward to presidency for final approval to be implemented for all the patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia.A detailed explanation of the commitment being made to themselves in become physically active. Patients would receive a pre-test and a plan would be set for implementing walking for 30 minute intervals two to three times per week as well as a log to track their participation. Patients would receive a pedometer if they were interested in seeing their walking translated into steps. Patients would return weekly to report their progress, enjoy a health snack, receive additional support and reinforcement from their assigned Nurse as well as planning the following weeks activity.A room within the clinic would be designated or this meeting. The cost for implementing this walking program for the patients would be minimal as the clinic receives donations of food and water on a weekly basis. Often time staff is also willing to support activities such as this with donations of fruit or vegetable trays. The cost on the other hand maybe viewed differently from Administration as this program would take time from a designated URN to meet with the patients on a weekly basis which in turn would take away from clinical hours and billable patient care. The sightly URN at PRI makes $28-$32 per hour.Considering one our for the patient meeting time, prep time and possible phone call allotment time may come out to three to four hours per week which would average $112-$128 per week. Not being privileged to the average billing rate for a visit with an URN for one hour in the clinic a weekly average of the loss in unable to be determined. There would also be a cost incurred with paper, ink and printing of materials. If this program was to be implemented as identified above with the physician prescribing the physical activity to the patient diagnosed with schizophrenia and the support given by the URN the outcome would be phenomenal.Mental health nurses can provide directions in understanding physical activity for their patients by using evidence-based research and mainstream physical a ctivity in the mental health common practice for mental health nursing. (Happens, Plantain-Phone, Scott 2011). Resources that would be needed for this program to be implemented would include the meeting room, healthy snacks, power point presentation or printed handouts, pre-test for the patients, a nurse to run weekly meetings, weekly tracking log, pedometers and a post-test to measure the increase in awareness and knowledge.A elaboration or acquaintance of some sort for the patients who continue to practice this lifestyle change after a pre-set timeshare. This patient group would be followed by the assigned URN for one year and their progress would be reported to the Physicians, Nurses, Advisory Council, Administration and other patients suffering from serious mental illness at each quarter through the year. other resource that may be necessary after the initial year would be to continue this program with new patients.In the clinic setting peer support is a big deal, maybe the pa tients who have been successful, faced challenges and are now practicing this new lifestyle may be the ones facilitating the weekly meetings with the URN present for additional support and reinforcement. How much more effective would it be to see and hear it from your peer and your nurse to get you motivated to actually give physical activity a endeavour? Theory There are two theories that will address the issue of increased physical activity in the Schizophrenia patient population.The first is the Health Belief model in which the key concepts are based on the patients perception of the threat, benefit and barriers. In this model in order for the patient to realize the new behavior such as physical activity, their perception of the threat for chronic long-term illness, the severity of those identified illnesses and the benefits of their participation in physical activity must outweigh their perceived barriers to incorporating this activity. This theory would be one that is easy to implement and incorporate into a visit with the nurse or psychiatrist without needing additional time scheduled.The use of this theory would facilitate the education much needed by this patient population in regards to deeding physical activity as part of their treatment plan. It is the hope that once the patient is given this information by a nurse or psychiatrist their interest in physical activity will be increased. Once there is motivation behind the interest then the patient can implement the physical activity. The second theory is the theoretically model which entails the stages of change. In this model it is believed that a person (patient) shift in a progression though five levels related to their readiness to make a change.The first stage is pre-contemplation in which the patient maybe thinking bout making this change. The second is contemplation in which the patient maybe more serious about making this decision. The third is preparation in which the patient is now taking steps to be able to make the change. The fourth is action in which the patient is actually doing the activity or incorporating the change into their routine. The fifth and final stage is maintenance in which the patient is implementing the activity into their routine and doing other activities to support their new lifestyle change.This theory would be easy to include into a support group or class setting. This theory can aid in facilitating the class structure. With this theory each patient will be able to identify what stage they are in, identify what is needed to make the change and even set a date to incorporate change into their current lifestyle. This theory can be beneficial in addressing physical activity as a healthy lifestyle change that is much needed in this patient population as an effort to prolong their lifespan.The hope is that with a class structure the patient can be supported as he/she incorporates physical activity into their current lifestyle. Evaluation The meth ods used to evaluate the progress of implementing a walking program will be a pre and post-test (Appendix A). This walking program will be implemented as part of a Wellness program that entails heighten patient education and consists of group walking 3 days a week for 30 minutes with the self-identified patients being treated for Schizophrenia at an outpatient psychiatric clinic.The identified variables that will be measured throughout the year of this program will be an increase in knowledge of the participants about the importance of physical activity, increase in he amount of physician referred or prescriptive physical activity, increase in amount of referrals to the walking program (Appendix C). A long term outcome worth measuring would be the decrease in IBM, cholesterol and triglycerides in the patients who participate in the walking program for one full year (Appendix B). Dissemination Results would be disseminated first of all with Administration and the Advisory Committee in one of the quarterly meetings.A power point presentation would define the Journey of the implementation of the walking program as well as the outcomes. It would include the amount of physician and nurse educational sessions, physical activity weekly nurse run classes, amount of participants actively walking, amount of referrals via physician referral or self-identified participants, measurable changes in lab results for cholesterol and triglycerides, changes in IBM tracked for 1 year. Posters would be printed in colorful themes displaying the outcomes which were tracked over the year.These posters and the power point presentation would then be shared with the referring physicians and nurses during Grand Round. Results would be shared with the patients and staff with these posters by placing them on the walls throughout the clinic. It would be the hope that these posters would build motivation and interest of other patients to encourage them to follow and start exercising. Result s would be shared with all clinical staff, case managers, family and peer mentors in the monthly staff meetings with the power point presentation.Each time the power point presentation is presented it will be given by a patient who has completed or is currently actively walking and has some personal experience with the outcomes of decrease in IBM, lower cholesterol or triglycerides so that they may share their story during this time as well. These results and personal accolades will be shared with the Arizona Department of Health Services, Behavioral Health Services Division for Mauricio County as an effort to provide education to other outpatient clinics with the same patient population.

Dickens presentation of the four spirits Essay

In A Christmas Carol four olfactory perception ups impinge on skinflint and they haunt and warn him of how he disregards Christmas and how population look upon him. two uses his own unique f wholly told inup skills in portraying the spirits, devising the appearance relevant to the purport of the each spirit.The beginning supernatural worldness to visit grump is the ghost of Jacob Marley scrooges deceased working partner. The appearance of this spirit is promptly similar to what Marley wore in his first life when he was a slave to capital exactly c are Scrooge. These same working raiment institute how he is still chained down by the lode of m unmatchabley and that his afterlife has been made rather painful by existence a slave to work. Marleys ghost is warning Scrooge that if he doesnt change his character, he will too be burdened in his afterlife. The spirit also foretells the appearance of three more ghosts.The chains clasped about his shopping centre and e ach the different items that are wrought to the chain on the whole(prenominal) symbolize m maviny and greed of the spirit. The cash-boxes and the keys all re pass the hiding away of money and keeping the wealth to themselves and not sharing the copiousness of money. The resourcefulness of heavy objects such as the padlocks and steel purses show how laden the ghost is with the weight of the money. The ledgers and deeds show the detailed accounts of money and proper ownership and this is a symbol that everything has to be accounted for, no money wad pass by the scrutiny of the accountant which is so true to Scrooges life.Apart from being immensely weighted down by his possessions of greed which held rear end his life, Marley was transparent. This was so obvious that Scrooge could down the two buttons on the back of his coat. This transparency conveys the sense that this person was never a normal human, he was a chilling figure who lacked some human qualities that most usual pe rsons have. This is a ghost which freezes the social movement around him with his death cold eyes and his chilling influence, he is cold, the similar his life. He has no real substance and the only apparent light-colored images Scrooge can see of this spirit are the symbols of hoarding, selfishness and greed.The Ghost of Christmas Past reveals itself to Scrooge, shortly after the affair with Marley, and the purpose of this ghost is to show Scrooge of the measure of his past life which involve his school and family life as well as his relationships with Fan and Belle. The first line of the description portrays excellently the appearance of this unusual spirit It was a strange figure like a child yet not so like a child as like an old man. hellion shows that even though this spirit is a child, representing youth and looking back in to the past, it is strong bodied being able to be firm with Scrooge. This strength, and the indication of the spirit being old, shows that the ghos t is wise and experienced, able to lift Scrooge out of the window with considerable ease and make the miser look up and pay attention.The spirit is also strangely attired with stark contrasts in its trot for the spirit has a holly branch in his hand and summer flowers lining the end of its dress. This displays the progression of season and the seasons which in turn reflect the stages of Scrooges past life and the progression of a mans life, which is slowly been clutched by the grip of money.The spirit also possesses another unusual quality in that a bright absorb natural spring of light springs out from his head as well as having extensive description of the whiteness of its being. This clear whiteness and the jet of light symbolizes the simplicity of what the spirit is showing It is making thing apparently clear to Scrooge.This ghost is not satisfied with a complicated face and bizarre attire for it also changes the diverseness of its being from being now a thing with one ar m, now with one leg, now with twenty dollar bill legs and the changes vary so much that at one point the spirit has no head. This unusual distinction, I feel, represent the change in emotions and I think Dickens is trying to portray the alterations of Scrooges past and of all the feelings and events that changed him in to a tight-fisted businessman.The ghost of Christmas present is a bit simpler to understand for he represents the things and spirit of Christmas. His purpose is to show Scrooge the way people celebrate Christmas at present and to point out the teemingness of Christmas joy there is in families, which is alien to Scrooge.The spirit is introduced with a large range of different Christmas foods such as long plum-puddings, mince pies, cherry-cheeked apples and immense twelfth cakes, just to mention a few of the items layering the floor. The copiousness and feeling of plenty is conveyed with the magnificent quantities of tangible items on display, with the barrels of oyste rs and wreaths of sausages. Dickens eloquently describes the food making the reader feel tempted by these appetizing descriptions. All this is completely foreign to Scrooge. He has never seen this flake of thing for he never shares his money to make these things happen, therefore this is appropriate so to open Scrooges eyes to the celebration of Christmas.The actual spirit is huge, happy and incredibly relaxed which is shown by his easy nominate upon which Scrooge finds him. This peaceful, kind and generous spirit holds Plentys horn which is a sign of abundance and a richness of possessions and atmosphere. He is full of Christmas spirit and he knows what it is like to have a unafraid time and a laugh, he is only haunting Scrooge with good things he has not seen before. The spirit is radiant, full of light for it pours on to Scrooge, he cannot escape the joyous plentiful atmosphere. He cant hang on away for the light is so strong it grasps him.The spirit is kind to Scrooge yet he is not passive telling Scrooge in a firm manner to look upon his wide, inviting eyes. The ghost has clothes of a simple nature with a simple green robe bordered with white fur. This shows just how relaxed and unpretentious the spirit is, he is even bare-breasted showing that he just wants to present himself as he is with no false attachments even his feet are found without covering. The holly wreath which is seen on the spirit, is a symbol. Jesus once wore a similar wreath and he was peaceful and kind, just like the spirit who is compared to the son of God for they are both cheerful and immensely unconstrained. The ultimate peace of the spirit is displayed when Scrooge notices that in his scabbard there lay no sword but a hole of air foul by the aging rust.The spirit is a provider, feeding his immense family of 1,800 well, with the full stuffing of Christmas spirit and all the joyous aspects this brings with it. This open hearted spirit is showing the true meaning of Christmas to Scrooge who has only ever lived for money seeing Christmas as a wasted day.There is a very stark difference between the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come for the spirit which foresees the future is firstly described as moving slowly, gravely, silently. This is more a haunting spirit, he is meant to be scary and menacing and he certainly is introduced in this fashion for he is to show the grim tales of Scrooges future which are not pleasant. The overpowering affright in Scrooge is seen, in that he quickly bends down on one knee and the atmosphere disperses in to one of gloom and mystery. There is definite sense of fear for the words convey ghostly imagery such as shrouded which is a dark word in that it is often associated with a funeral or a burial.The deep, piercingly solemn appearance of a hand is all Scrooge needs to fill him with ultimate fear for the ghost is incredibly hard to distinguish and the extended hand is all one can see. This myster ious invisibility makes the ghost even more plow for there is only one hand which brings about this dark and undistinguished presence, the ghost is a work on which is horribly not complete.As well as not being able to see all the parts of the ghoul, the spirit does not even talk which makes him even more fearful for it is impossible for Scrooge to communicate to this haunting phantom. Scrooge is desperate for the ghoul to utter a word but Dickens purposely does not let the figure talk for it adds to his mysterious and chilling demeanor.This spirit is one which people dread, it is of an appearance of a phantom which chills the surrounding air which others choke on in fear. The description continues, with Dickens using metaphorical speech to describe the ghoul but a spectral hand and one great heap of black. The effect of the metaphor is once more of absolute fear and terror. The description ends with Scrooge requesting speech from the ghoul but it is not going to respond which roun ds off the passage with a feeling of fear.Dickens shows skill in describing these ghosts so relevantly to what there immediate purpose is. from each one ghost has its own specific meaning and Dickens presents this effectively giving each spirit a unique appearance which tells a story with a true moral which still applies today. Dickens is a storyteller with unique gifts and this is shown in these descriptions of the four spirits.