Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethanol And Biodiesel Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of ethanol And Biodiesel Environmental Sciences EssayThe worlds cleverness consumption has been increasing progressively since the industrial revolution 1. Global population is continuing to dramatically rise and the increase in economic development, peculiarly in China and India, over recent decades has contributed to increases in energy consumption 2. Currently, nearly 45 part of Australias total energy consumption is accounted for by coal, with oil providing approximately 35 percent, natural gas furnish around 15 percent and green power providing just over 5 percent 2. Alternative kindles are stated to be a potentially viable alternative to the character of dodo fuels. fogy fuels contribute to almost eighty percent of the total energy used in the world 3, 4. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are limited in their supply and the burning of dodo fuels on a global scale freighter produce demarcation contamination, much(prenominal) (prenominal) as nitrogen oxides (NOx), release signifi female genitalst amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon copy dioxide (CO2), and contribute to global warming 1, 3, 5, 6. Alternative fuels are considered to provoke a less adverse effect on the environment, and are stated to be a solution to the problems created by fossil fuels 1. The main difference between fossil derived fuels and alternative fuels is the oxygen content, with alternative fuels having 10-45 wt% oxygen compared to fossil fuels which contain almost none 7. In Australia, the alternative fuels industry is relatively small, but is gradually expanding particularly in regard to fermentation alcohol or biodiesel production8. Alternative fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel may prospectively provide an alternative for global fuel requirements. There are however, a number of drawbacks cerebrate to alternative fuels which may inhibit them from completely replacing fossil fuels without technological or genetic ad vancements 9.OutlineThis paper aims to project the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels. The discussion will commence by defining alternative fuels and a number of relevant terms. The analysis will then consider ethanol as an alternative fuel and an overview of ethanol production. Subsequently, biodiesels and an overview of biodiesel production will be examined. Fol firsting this, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels will be considered. Lastly, the main arguments of this account will be summarised.DefinitionsAlternative fuels are a sustainable form of energy, are fuels that have not derived from petroleum and arouse include alcohols, biofuels, hydrogen, natural gas and propane 1. They are commonly solid, liquid or gas biofuels acquired from biomass, vegetable oil, or breakd from agricultural food increases 6, 10. A viable alternative fuel must be economical, supply a net energy gain, be beneficial to the environment, and be able to be produced in c onsiderable volumes with limited detrimental partakes6. The alternative fuels that are currently prevalent throughout the world are ethanol and biodiesel 7, 11, 12. Ethanol also referred to as ethyl alcohol, is a colourless liquid alcohol, less dense than water, with the chemical manifestation C2H5OH 13. Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel that is a mixture of fatty blistering methyl esters 13, 14.Alcohols EthanolEthanol is one of the most widely utilized liquid biofuels that can be combined with gasoline to create an ethanol blend fuel, or it can be used in pure form 7, 13. It may be derived by fermenting carbohydrates obtained from natural sugars, starches or cellulosic biomass in plants including sugar cane, corn or straw 7, 15. Generally, this process involves the yeast driven fermentation of glucose in which the energy from the glucose is concentrated in the ethanol and CO2 is released as seen in equation 1 13.13The USA and Brazil are presently the two major(ip) producers of bioethanol with corn and sugar cane the primary base plants for the US and Brazil, respectively 16, 17. Current fuel yield for corn ethanol has been demonstrated at 1135 1900 L/hectare to achieve 50 percent of American transport fuel demands, more than 157 percent of USA crop buck would need to be utilized 17. In 2005/2006, Australia produced and consumed 41 jillion litres of ethanol fuel 8. expend and production of ethanol, however has been demonstrated to be increasing 8. In Australia, since 2003, the maximum allowed limit of ethanol in ethanol-petrol blends has been 10 percent 8. In 2007, there were three ethanol production facilities operating in Australia that generated ethanol from grains, such as sorghum and wheat, and from sugar cane, with production capacities of over one hundred fifty million litres annually 8.BiodieselsBiodiesel coevals emerged in the late 1990s and has continued to rapidly increase 13. Biodiesels are produced from a variety of seed plant oils, such as soybean, palm or rapeseed oil, or from animal fats 10, 15, 18. They are mostly manufactured through the process of transesterification 18. Transesterification involves the mixing and of an oil with alcohol in the carriage of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, which reacts to create biodiesel and glycerine 18. The triglyceridies in the oil or fat are converted into a glycerine mote and three methyl esters of long chain fatty acid molecules (Figure 1)13.The glycerin by-product is not in market demand collectable to the excess produced from biodiesel generation and recently been discovered to convert into propylene glycol, which has a large market, and acetol 13. Biodiesel manufactured from soybean produces more than 90 percent more energy than is needed to generate it 13.Figure Transesterification of a triglyceride 18.Biodiesel is manufactured globally, with the USA and Germany dominating the market 20. Around the world, over 1.5 million tonnes of biodiesel is generated annu ally 15. In 2005/2006 Australia produced and consumed 16 million litres of biodiesel fuel 8. Use and production of biodiesels has increased since8. In Australia biodiesel can be utilized as a replacement for diesel or in a biodiesel-diesel blend of between 5 and 20 percent biodiesel 8. Investigations into utilizing canola or mustard for biodiesel production are occurring in southern Australia while currently, a range of fats and oils are used, such as tallow 8. In Australia, biodiesel production capacity is greater than ethanol production capacity 8.Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative FuelsAlternative fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have numerous advantages and disadvantages regarding environmental and societal impacts. The replacement of fossil fuels with alternative fuels could result in a decrease of CO2 emissions, a decrease in air pollution, reduce acid rain and decrease global warming3. Additional benefits include sustainability, fuel security, regional development and a decrease in rural poverty 7, 21. The land domain required to generate sufficient alternative fuel to meet demands however, may compete directly with agriculture requirements, water use, may cause pollution from the use of herbicides and pesticides, and could result in the destruction of natural habitats and a decrease in biodiversity 3, 21, 22. In developing countries, the expansion of the alternative fuel industry could increase deforestation, fall the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis 12. The prices obtained for the sale of, for example, Australian produced alternative fuels is variable and depends on domestic prices for petrol and diesel, the world prices of oil and the Australian metamorphose rate 8.EthanolAdvantagesThere are several advantages concerning the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed by the crop used for ethanol generation, resulting in the process being carbon neutral 15. Using ethanol o ver fossil derived fuels can result in a reduction of CO2 up to 75 percent 24. Higher densities of ethanol fuel and air can be combusted in an locomotive compared to petroleum due to ethanols constricted boiling point range and higher latent heat of vaporization (Table 1) 10, 16. Additionally, higher energy density can be achieved in the engine due to a lower stoichiometric air to fuel ratio 10, 16.This may produce enhanced engine efficiency and elevated power outputs in ethanol fuelled vehicles when contrasted to petroleum fuelled vehicles. The use of ethanol as an alternative fuel can result in lower pollution emissions compared to fossil fuels, particularly regarding particulates, alkenes, aromatics and carbon monoxide 13.DisadvantagesThere are disadvantages associated with the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel. At present, ethanol is not economically competitive 15, 24. Expensive production costs associated with ethanol can be generated due to the use of water for irrigatio n, herbicides and pesticides, fertilisers, and machinery maintenance 11. Other expenses may be accrued from wages, insurance, land charges, and depreciation of farm assets 11. Ethanol has a lower amount of energy generated per litre combusted, is more corrosive than gasoline and is toxic to ecosystems 13, 20. The use of pure ethanol is limited in colder climates by their low vapour pressures 13. Ethanol production from crops is stated to cause environmental degradation such as dust and exhaust emissions, displacement of alternative land uses, pollution of surface and ground water systems, increased turbidity in surface waters, salinity and bioaccumulation of some pesticides 9, 11. There are a number of environmental problems related to corn generated ethanol such as denitrification, erosion, and nitrogen leaching 9, 11. Ethanol crops are generally inefficient and the yields vary dramatically between various crops 15, 17. The disadvantages notable above fate that currently, ethanol is not a viable alternative fuel.BiodieselAdvantagesA number of advantages are linked with the use of biodiesel fuel over fossil derived diesel fuel. Biodiesel production is stated to be sustainable, environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and biodegradable 1, 5, 10. Biodiesels properties are alike the properties of fossil derived diesel, Table 1, suggesting it can be used unmodified in indirect injection diesel engines 5, 16. Table 1 demonstrates that biodiesel has a higher flash point than petroleum-based diesel making it is safer to store and transport 10, 16. Biodiesel burns cleanly, and the emissions produced have fewer pollutants including less carbon monoxide, sulphates and sulphur oxides, hydrocarbons, nitrogen and particulates 1, 5. It also has a small increase in fuel economy and superior lubricity compared to fossil derived diesel, which can reduce engine wear 7 14.DisadvantagesThere are many disadvantages regarding the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel prod uction from crops competes with food supply, can detrimentally impact the environmental through nitrogen and phosphorus leaching, and loss of biodiversity 6, 7. Biodiesel generally generates lower power and torque than petroleum-based diesel and can have a higher fuel consumption 10. Biodiesels are also not currently economically competitive 6. They are stated to have higher emissions of nitrous oxides and cold start problems 7. The biodegradability of biodiesel can create problems regarding fuel stability and long-term storage 14. Methyl ester fatty acids deteriorate in conditions with high temperatures, sunlight, oxygen or non-ferrous metals 14. The disadvantages noted above indicate that currently, biodiesel may not be a viable alternative fuel.ConclusionAlternative fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have both advantages and disadvantages regarding impacts on the environment. Ethanol is usually produced through the fermentation of carbohydrates while biodiesel is generally produ ced by transesterification. Within Australia, the industry of alternative fuels is steadily expanding. Advantages of alternative fuels may include decreased emissions and air pollution, reduced impact on global warming, sustainability, fuel security, regional development and a decrease in rural poverty. Disadvantages of alternative fuels may include land use competition, water use competition, pollution from the use of herbicides and pesticides, deforestation, the destruction of natural habitats, and a decrease in biodiversity. Currently, the production and use of the alternative fuels ethanol and biodiesel do not appear to be viable.

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus Essay -- comparison compare contr

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus Within both Titus Andronicus and Othello both by William Shakespe atomic number 18 the reader is introduced to the concept of a bare man within a washrag society. Stigmas and stereotypes are attached to the black characters of Aaron and Othello. Although each black character has a similar stigma, the characters are very different from nonpareil a nonher. Aaron is portrayed as evil, designing and malevolent, while Othello has none of these traits. Othellos fault lies in the fact that he is very gullible and easily led. Aaron within Titus Andronicus is a character that is both bound and non bound to his colour. Though his actions stinkpot be blamed on his colour, there are two paths to follow in this thinking. First Aarons actions within the play can be blamed on the fact that he is black and as he is black, he is naturally a bad person as black people are stereotypically people prone to causing trouble and have black souls which match the ir outward appearance. This answer would have been acceptable within Shakespeares times, up to in a flash it seems that it doesnt fit with Othello as the villain in that play is a white man, whos soul is nothing but pure evil. If one were going by the cost of colour dictates your soul, that would have made Iago a good man, and he definitely wasnt a good man. The other way in which one could take Aarons misbehavior, which seems to be the more logical one is that his actions though are a result of his skin tone are not an inbred condition. His actions, deeds and thoughts are not dictated through his skin colour, but because of the ostracism and the hate he has felt through his life due to his skin colour he now has built up a resistance to the hate. By throwing hate ba... ...what similar. Though both characters have similar stigmas attached to them they are very different from one another. The reaction to Aaron can be justified as he actually is an evil person and causes nothing b ut trouble. In the case of Othello, the reactions of the other characters are simply a projection of the stereotypes associated with the black man. Works Cited McLauchlan, Juliet. Shakespeare - Othello. London Camelot Press Ltd. 1971 Wain, John. Shakespeares Othello - A Casebook. London MacMillan Press. 1994 Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & Gary Taylor. hot York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174 Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 371-434

Unification of Italy and Germany Essay -- History

Unification of Italy and GermanyBy 1871 both the kingdom of Italy and the empire of Germany were united. Even though both countries employ popular trends to that time, both liberalism and nationalism, the process unifying these two countries was very different. The end result was Germany emerging as a strong nation and Italy appropriately, the weaker.Italys problems started with the particular that it didnt have one main ruler, but two people and a concept, resulting in a different approach to the unification. Gulseppe Mazzini had a radical broadcast focusing on a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. Vincenzo Gioberti, who was a catholic priest called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of the pope. Then there were the people who favored leadership toward the autocratic kingdom of Sardenia. Sardenias rule was much more(prenominal) popular to the middle class than the other two because Sardenia appeared to be a liberal, progressive state displaying national unification. That is what the people were striving for. They thought Mazzinis ideas as well as radical- and they were trying to get away from religion running the nation as it had done in the past. They wanted a distinct separation between church and state.Cavour was the man who made the change, but he sought unity only for northern Italy to become a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardenia. In the 1850s Cavour worked to consolidate Sardenia as a liberal state cap...

The Hardships Facing Vietnam War Soldiers in Tim OBrien’s Going after

The Hardships Facing Vietnam War Soldiers in Tim OBriens Going after Cacciato and In the Lake of the Woods The Vietnam War was, mentally and physically, champion of the most brutal the United States has ever participated in. Our soldiers had to undergo daily miseries and sufferings which wore on them in body and mind. Dysentery was a common cause of physical wasting. Other diseases have with the continuous rain and mud caused flesh to rot and made daily life that much more insufferable. Long periods of boredom would be broken by unexpected guerilla attacks or booby traps. The enemy rarely materialized long enough to be actively fought or even identified. Equally uncertain as who they were fighting was the answer to the question of what purpose they were fighting and dying for.All of these hardships the soldiers faced caused an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and constant fear. To counter this sense of despair, the soldiers had umpteen ways of coping with or avoiding the real ity of the war. Tim OBrien, with Going after Cacciato and In the Lake of the Woods, addresses th...

Homicide Trends, Prevention, Intervention in Atlanta Essay -- Social

IntroductionHomicide has been in existence since the beginning of time. People kill each other daily. In the United States, you are ten-times more likely to be murdered on the day youre born than any other time in your sprightliness (CDC, 2002). For that reason, todays research suggest that homicide events should not be considered single incidents but as underlying indicators of changes in social and economic conditions including race, poverty, and social closing off (Parker 2004) and the distribution of handguns (Ludwig & Cook, 2003). Yet, a vast majority of abominable homicides offer very little understandings. In 2010 there was 12,996 homicides in the United States (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). Ninety-three of those homicides occurred in the Atlanta area (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010). For that reason, the heightened incidence of criminal and violent behavior in recent years has become a major concern crosswise the Atlanta area. Several things are thought to be factors of homicide. Some factors include race, demographic, poverty, and the social organization of people. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2009), blacks are disproportionately represent as both homicide victims and offenders. In 2010, blacks in Atlanta represented 54% percentage of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) but 86% percent of the homicide victims (Atlanta Police plane section Uniform Crime Report, 2010). Hence, one of the most consistent findings reported in the criminology literature is that African Americans in the United States are involved in criminal homicide both as offenders and victims at a rate that significantly exceeds their numbers in the general population (Bartol & Bartol, 2007). Nevertheless, in many case... ...rected patrols, and the guns for tickets within high abhorrence areas of The City of Atlanta, homicide rates will decreaseSummary This paper has demonstrated how the analysis of homicide patterns in Atlanta could be us e to develop and recommend interventions for communities force by increase homicides. However, the success of any of the recommended interventions depends upon the good relations between the police and citizens of Atlanta. Also, since most homicides are impulsive not forethought, it is unlikely that the strategies impose would moderate the homicide rates. It is possible, although difficult to envision, that all strategies against homicide would alter behavior of offenders and thereby reduce violent situations. Conversely, by reducing the number of persons carrying firearms on the streets of Atlanta homicide will coincide be reduced as well.

Dance Therapy Essay -- History Health Therapy Dancing Essays

leaping Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and natural development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day fretfulness centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research.Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability.OriginsDance therapy began as a profession in the mid-forties with the work of Marian Chace. A modern mover, she began teaching dance after ending her career with the Denishawn Dance Company in 1930. In her classes, she noticed that several(prenominal) of her students were more interested in the emotions they expressed while dancing (loneli ness, shyness, fear, etc.) than the mechanics of the moves. She began encouraging them by emphasizing more freedom of movement rather than technique.In time, doctors in the community started sending her patients. They included antisocial children, people with movement problems, and those with psychiatric illnesses. Eventually, Chace became part of the staff of the Red Cross at St. Elizabeths Hospital. She was the first dance therapist employed in a formal position by the federal government. Chace worked with the emotionally troubled patients at St. Elizabeths and tried to get them to reach issue to others through dance. Some of them were schizophrenics and others were former servicemen suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Success for these patients meant being able to participate with their class in moving to singsong music. This rhythmic action in unison with others results in a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and good fellowship, Chace said once.Chace eventually stu died at the Washington School of abnormal psychology and began making treatment decisions about her patients along with other members of the St. Elizabeths medical team. Her work attracted many followers and the first dance therapy interns began learning and teaching dance therapy at St. Elizabeths in the 1950s.Other dancers also began using dance therapy in the 1940s to help people feel more comfortable with thems... ...d to practice. After two old age they may receive an additional recognition when they become an Academy of Dance Therapist Registered. They can then teach dance therapy and can supervise interns.Dance therapists can also obtain psychological credentials by taking a test and becoming registered by the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. nominate TermsAuthentic movementA type of movement that is influenced heavily by Jungian analysis, and works by analyzing the internal images of the patient. Patients are also urged to dance only when they feel the impuls e to move. Freudian analysisA type of psychological treatment where the therapist seeks to help the patient resolve conflicts and traumas buried in the subconscious. Jungian analysisA method of psychological treatment where the patient strives to understand the internal, often mythic images in his or her thoughts and dreams. PsychotherapyA medical treatment that seeks to resolve psychological traumas and conflicts, often by discussing them and emotionally reliving difficult events in the past. Test anxietyA name for the stress and anxiety that commonly occur in students before they take exams.

Egypt :: essays research papers

EgyptEgypt is a Middle Eastern country laid in the northeast corner of Africa. A small part of Egypt, blazon outed the Sinai Peninsula, is located in Asia. Deserts deny close of Egypt, so it gets little rain, but the longest river in the world, the Nile River, flows through the desert and is key to living for many Egyptians. neighboring all of Egypts population, about 99%, is located near the Nile or along the Suez Canal, another body of water important to Egyptian life, although together they cover only four percent of Egypts total land. The largest city, Cairo, has a population of about 6 million. About 10 million people live in the Cairo metropolitan area. Alexandria, a port city, is the second largest. Egyptian cities are extremely crowded and have inadequate public transportation, causing lots of traffic. They do have crowded streetcars and trains, though.Many Egyptians consider themselves Arabs. The Bedouins, who are nomads, make up a distinct ethnic minority among the A rab population. Most have settled humble on farms, but some tribes still wander. The major non-Arab minority are the Nubians. They originally lived in villages along the Nile in northern Sudan and the very bottom of Egypt, called the Nubian Valley. When the Aswan elevated Dam was constructed in the 1960s, it forced the Nubians to move higher up on the Nile.Arabic is the official language of Egypt. Regional Arabic dialects have their own variations of sounds and words. The most widely used dialect is that of Cairos. The Bedouin dialect is different from the settled residents of the Nile Valley. Some people in desert villages even speak Berber. Many improve Egyptians also speak English or French in addition to Arabic.Egyptian city life is a good deal different than its village life. City residents hoi polloi with normal city problems such as housing shortages and traffic. Most of city residents live in poverty, although others enjoy special conveniences and services. Villagers re gularly live much like their ancestors did hundreds of years ago, getting by growing crops and tending animals.Egyptian cities have a wide range of wealth. Good-looking residential areas exist near widespread slums. Lack of satisfactory housing is a major problem. Many people live together in small apartments. Others build makeshift huts on land that belongs to others, or on roofs of apartments. Some of Cairos poorest citizens take shelter in historic tombs on the outskirts of the city, in a place call the City of the Dead.